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Summary OCR Unit F961 History A-level Pitt to Peel Revision Notes

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These are my notes for the history course From Pitt to Peel . I personally used these notes to revise from for my A-level exams. They are been checked by my teachers and contain all the right and necessary information.

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  • June 20, 2018
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  • 2017/2018
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  • ocr
  • history
  • a level
  • british history
  • britain
  • pitt to peel
  • 1783 1846
  • revision
  • ocr unit f961 history a level from pitt to peel 1783 1846
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  • Summary OCR A Level History - OCR A Level History: From Pitt to Peel 1783-1846 - AS Unit F961 - British History Period Studies
  • Summary OCR A Level History - OCR A Level History: From Pitt to Peel 1783-1846 - AS Unit F961 - British History Period Studies
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History Revision: From Pit to Peee

Introductonnton Britainninn1783:

i. Populatonnincrease
- Deathnratesnfall:nsmallnpoxneradicated
- Birthnratesnrisenduentonthenloweringnofnagenofnmarriage
ii. Agriculturalnrevoluton
- Increasenareanofnlandnforncultvatonn
 Enclosure:nunitngnfarmsnintononen
 Reclamaton:nclearingnlandnornchangingnitsnusenfornfarmingn
- Improvenefciency
 Selectven breedingn
 Cropnrotatonn
 Mechanisatonn
iii. Industrialnrevolutonn(startsn1750)
- Coal
- Iron
- Textlesn
- Steamnpower
- Factoriesn
- Hugenpoolnofnla bour:npoornwagesnandnworkingnconditonsn
- Massivengrowthnofnindustrialntowns:nMidlandsnandnNorthn

Whatnarenthenimplicatonsnofntheneconomicnchangesnonnsociety?n

i. Rolenofnthengovernmentnandntheirninterventon
- childrenneducaton
- pu blicnhealthn
ii. Changingnworknforce
- ruralntonindustrial
- migraton:npressurenonnhousing,rnleadsntonslumsn
iii. Newnworkingnclass
- Notn boundntonoldnsystemsnofnloyaltyn
- Newnmiddlenclass:n bankers,rnindustrialistsn
 Largenincome:nnewnwealthn
 Exploitatonnofnnewnworkingnclassn
- Fewernlinksntonlandednclassesnandnthenpolitcalneliten
 Economicnchangennsocialnchangenndemandnfornpolitcalnchangen

SocialnClasses:

Thenlandednclasses



Thenmiddlenclassesn



Thenworkingnpopulatonn

,  Somensocialnmo bility:nmarriage,rnlandnownershipn
 Thenworkingnpopulaton:
- Earnednmoneynthroughnmanualnworkn
- Agriculture:n
 agriculturalnla bourers
 northnandnsouthndivide
 socialnhierarchyn basednonnlevelnofnskilln
- Industrial:n
 Hierarchynofnskilln
 Artsansn
 Skillednfactorynworkersn
 Handloomnweaversn
 Frameworknknitersn
 Creatonnofnnewnskillsnandnnewnjo bsn
 Economicnfuctuatonsn
 Womennwereninferiorn
 Thenmiddlenclasses:
- Needntonearnnanliving
- Cityn bankersnandnlargenindustrialistsn
- Lowernmiddlenclassesncomposednof:
 Smallernmanufacturers
 Shopkeepers
 Millinersn
 Tailorsn
 Localn brewersn
 Clerksn
 Thenlandednclasses:n
- Landownersn
- Gentryn
- Ownersnoccupatonnandnfreeholdersn
- Oftennhadnur bannpropertyn
- Politcalnpowern

Howndidn Britain’snpolitcalnsystemnwork?

 Com binatonnof:
i. HousenofnCommons
ii. HousenofnLordsn
iii. Thengovernmentn
iv. Thenmonarchyn
 Bestnrepresentatonnofnallninterestsnuntl:nAmericanWarnofnIndependence,rnFrenchnRevolutonn
- Thoseneventsnputnpressurenofnthengovernmentnsystemn
 1783:nKingnGeorgenIIInandnLordsn(hereditarynpeers)
 HousenofnCommons:
- Sonsnofnpeersnheldnapproximatelyn20%nofnthenseatsn
- A boutn100nMPsncomenfromnthenprofessionsnsuchnas:
 Barristersn

,  Armynofcersn
 Navynofcersn
- Approximatelyn200nMPsnwerensu bstantalnlandownersn
- ManynowedntheirnseatsntonpatronsninnthenLords
- Industrialistsn boughtnthemselvesnintonparliamentnwithnproftsnfromntheirntraden
 Typesnofnmem bersnwhonsatninnthenCommons:

Countes Boroughsn(importantncites) Universitesn
- 40ncountesnrepresentedn byn80nMPs - 203n boroughsnreturnedn405nMPs - OxfordnandnCam bridge
- Expensiventon buynthenelectonsn - Roughlynhalfncouldn ben bought bothnreturnedn2nMPs
- BynelectonsnfornMPsnacceptngn - Neednincomenofnminimumn£300
ministerialnpositon
- Neededn£600n+nincomenfromnlandn
tonqualifyn


 ThenElectorate:
- EnglandnandnWalesn1780s:n435’000npeoplenoutnofn7’500’000ncouldnvote
 5%nofnthenpopulaton
 11%nofnthentotalnpopulatonnofnmenn
- ScotlandnandnIreland:nlessnthann1%nofnpopulatonnofn6’000’000ncouldnvoten
- Allnwomen,rnmennundern21,rnRomannCatholicsnorndissentersn(Methodists,rn Baptstsnetc)n
couldnnotnvoten

Whoncouldnvote?

 IfnyounhadnmoneynyouncouldneasilyngetnintonthenCommonsnifnyounfoundnanpatronninnthenLordsn

Countes Boroughsn(evennifnstoppedn beingnimportant,rnstllnhadnMPs)
- 2nMPsntonparliamentn - 2nMPsntonparliamentn
- Alln40nshillings’nfreeholdersnvote - Situatonnconfusednasntonwhonhadnfranchise
- Largernelectoratesnthann boroughsn - Lessnthann40%nofnEnglishn boroughsnhadnelectoratesnof
- Morendemocratcnthann boroughsn lessnthann100
- Twonthirdsnofnelectoratesn belown500n
- Roten/Pocketn Boroughs:n
 Wealthynlandownersncouldnsecurenthen
supportnofntheirncandidateninnelectonsn
 Inn1800na boutnhalfnofnallnMPsnownersntheirn
seatntonsuchnpatronagen


ImpactnofnEconomicnChange:

 Newncentresnofnproductonnandnpopulaton
 Smallntownsngrewn(especiallyninnthennorth)nandntheirnpopulatonnincreasedn
 Manchester,rnLeedsnandn BirminghamnhadnnonMPsnofntheirnown,rnwhilstntheirnpopulatonngrewn
immenselyn(representedn byncountynMPs)nvs.nCornwall:npopulatonnofn340’00nwithn42nMPs

Whatnwasnthenrelatonshipn betweennthenmonarchynandnparliament?

Monarchy Parliamentn
- Kingnchoosenhisnministersn - Kingnneedednparliamentn

,- Madenmajoritynofndecisionsnonngovernmentalnpolitcs  Renewednhisnincomenpernannum
 Foreignnafairs - Couldnforcenthenkingntondismissnministersn
 Ministersnadvisednhimn  Kingnhadntonchoosenministersnwhonwouldn
- Controllednthenelectonnofnapproximatelyn30nMPs worknwellnwithnthenparliamentn
- Couldngivenimportantnttlesnandnpostsninnthenarmyn - Hadnangeneralnelectonnatnleastneveryn7nyearsn
andnnavyn
 Goodnsystemnton buildnsupportnfornthen
monarchy,rnpoliciesnandnthenministersn


Why did George III invite Pit to eeome PM?

 Thoughtnhenwasnansafenchoice
- Likednhisnpolitcsnetc.
- HisnfathernwasnPMnandnPitnknewnhownimportantnitnwasntonhavenangoodnrelatonshipn
withnthenmonarchn

Whynwasnthensituatonnsonunsta bleninn1782-83?n

i. LossnofnAmerica:n blowntonpridenandnreputatonnofnthengovernmentn
ii. Personalites:npeoplendidn’tngetnalongnwithneachnother
- GeorgenIIInvs.nLordnNorthnvs.nCharlesnJamesnFoxn

 WasnfriendsnwithnPrincenofnWales
 Wasnundernpressuren becausenAmerican  Drinkern
wasnlostnundernhisnrulen  LeadernofnthenWhigs
 Didn’tngetnalongnwithnGeorgenIII
 Wasncritcalnofnthenkingn
 Personalnandnpolitcalndiferencesn




KeynPMsn beforenPit:

i. LordnNorth
- Toryn

, - 1770n–n82n
- Americanwasnlostnundernhisngovernmentnsonhenwasncritciiedn
- GeorgenIIInwasnawarenofnNorth’snfailurenandninefciencyn
- Northnandnthenmonarchnhadnangoodnrelatonship,rnuntlnhenresigned:nGeorgenIIInfelt
betrayedn bynhimnandntheirnrelatonshipnnevernhealednitselfn
ii. Rockingham
- Whign
- Marchn1782n–nJulyn1782n
- Foxnwasninnhisnadministraton,rnsonthenKingndislikednRockinghamn bynassociatonn
- OferednPitnanministerialnpositon〴nhowever,rnPitndeclinedn becausenhenthoughtn
thenpositonnwasntonminornandnhendidn’tnwantnton benassociatednwithnpeoplenthatn
thenKingndidn’tnliken
- Diednandnwasnreplacedn bynShel burnen
iii. Shel burne
- Whign
- 1782n–n83n
- WorknofnhisnworknwasnfocusednonnproposalsnfornpeacenwithnAmerican
- GeorgenIIIndislikednShel burne,rn butnwouldnrathernhavenhimnasnPMnthannFoxn
- Foxn–nNorthncoalitonnunitednagainstnShel burnen

WhyndidnShel burnenfail?

 MiscalculatednstrengthninnthenCommonsn
 InnFe bruarynFoxnandnNorthncom binednforcedntondefeatnhimn
- TheynchosenthenAmericanPeacenNegotatonsnasnthenissuesn
 SignifcantndefeatninnthenCommonsnleadntonShel burne’snresignatonn
 GeorgenIIInwasnfuriousn
 AfternShel burne’snresignatonnGeorgenIIInaskednPitnton becomenPM:nhenrefusedn
- Duentonthenstrengthnofnoppositon
i. IfnFoxnandnNorthnworkedntogethernhenwouldnfailn
- PitnneedednFoxnandnNorthntonfailn
i. PitnknewnthenKingnwouldndonanythingntonweakenntheirncoaliton
ii. Sawnthenstrengthnhenwouldngainnifnhenwasntoncomentonofcenafternan
discreditedngovernmentnhadnfailed
- Henresignedn
iv. DukenofnPortland
- Apriln1783n–nDecem bern1783
- Whign(laternTory)
- ExertedninfuencenonnthenLordsn
- AlthoughnthenwasnPM,rnFoxnandnNorthnwereninnpowern
- GeorgenIIInopposednthenDukenofnPortlandnandnpersuadednthenLordsntonvoten
againstnthenIndian Bill,rnwhoevernvotednfornthen billnwouldn becomenthenenemynofnthe
King
- KingndestroyednthenFoxn–nNorthncoalitonn
- KingndismissednthenDukenofnPortland,rnFoxnandnNorthn
v. WilliamnPitnthenYounger
- 19nDecem bern1783n
- Toryn

, - Respectednandnrecogniiednthenpositonnofnthenconsttutonn
- Wasnknownnasnthen“King’snMinister”
- GeorgenIIInappreciatednPit’sngiftsnandnknewnthatnhenmadenanuniversallynstrongn
impressionn–nhenlikednhimn
- Pitnrespectednthenpositonnofnthenmonarchn

Foxnvs.nPit:

Fox Pit
 Socialn  Fewnclosenfriends
 Partyingn  Goodnwithnfguresn
 Drinkingn  Reserved
 Gam blingn  Thinn
 FriendsnwithnPrincenofnWalesn  Paidnclosenatentonntondetailsn
 Fatn  Respectedn bynGeorgenIIIn
 Goodnwithnpeoplen
 Hatedn bynGeorgenIII


Similarites:

 Gotnintonparliamentnasnanyoungnage
- Fox:n19
- Pit:n21
 Goodnoratorynskills
 De btn
 Drinkingn

Pit’s strategy of getng into ofee and gaining suppport:

 Whennhen becamenPMnhenhadnverynlitlensupport
 Hendecidedntondelaynanynelectonntontacklenhisnoppositonn
- Underminedncoaliton
- AlthoughnFoxnandnNorthnwerendismissed,rntheynstllnhadnsupportninnthenCommonsn
- Pitndemonstratednhisna bilitesntonindependentnMPs〴ngoodnspeechesnetc.n
 AskednGeorgenIIIntoncallnannelectonninnMarchn1784n
- Hisnminoritynstoodninnsinglenfguresn
- Foxnreceivednanlotnofnoppositonn

Whatnpro blemsndidnPitnfaceninn1783?n

i. Ownnpositon
- Minorityngovernmentnthreatenedn bynFoxn–nNorthncoalitonn
ii. America
- Lossnofnhernasnancolonyncouldnthreatenn Britain’sncommercialnsupremacyn
iii. De bt
- WarnwithnAmericanhadn beennhugelynexpensive
- FirstnmonthnofnPit’sngovernment,rnNatonalnDe btnwasn£243’000’000
- 1775-84nthensiienofnNatonalnDe btnincreasedn byn91%
- Annualninterestnonnthisnde btnwasnapproximatelyn£9’000’000n
- 1783nthengovernment’snexpenditurenexceedednitsnincomen byn£10’800’000n

, iv. ParliamentnReform
- Thenpolitcalnsystemnwasnunrepresentatve,rnespeciallynofnnewntownsnandngrowingn
industryn
v. IsolatonninnEurope
- WarnwithnAmericanalsoninvolvednfghtngnwithnFrancenandnSpainn
vi. Administraton
- Systemnwasndesignedntonseenpolitcalnandnnotnadministratvenaimsn
 Thengovernmentnhadndifcultyninnraisingnloansnandnconfdenceninntheneventualnrecoverynofn
natonalnfnancesnwasnlaw.n

WhyndidnPitnwinnthenelectonnofn1784?

i. Pit’snpersonalnqualites
- Goodn background:nfathernwasnPM,rnmotherncamenfromnanpolitcalnfamilyn
- Intellectuallyngifted:ngoodnoratornetc.n
- Respectednthenkingnandnknewnhenhadntonhavenhimnonnhisnside:ntheyncooperatedn
- Peoplenlikednhim:nhenwasnopenntonreformnandnwasna blentongainnmorensupportn byn
notncallingnannelectonnasnsoonnasnhengotnintonofcen
ii. SupportnofnthenKing
- ManynpeoplenwerenfaithfulntonthenCrownnandnsupportednwhonhensupportedn
- Henwasna blentonconvincenthenLordsntonvotenagainstnthenIndian Billnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
- ItnwasnimportantnfornthenkingntonappointnPitntonshownhisnauthorityn
- Wasna blentonsendnroyalnagentsntongathernsupportersnandnincreasenPit’snfollowingn
iii. UnpopularitynofnthenFoxn–nNorthncoalitonn
- King’snpressurenmadenthemnunpopularn
- FailurenofnthenIndian Billn

1784nElecton:

 Natonalncampaignnrathernthannfocusnonnlocalnissuesn
 Heldnonnthen24thnMarchn1784,rnlastngnuntlnMayn
 Electonsnmanagers:nsecurednthenpocketn boroughs
 Wasninfuencedn bynthenCrown
 Pitnwinsnmajoritynofnapproximatelyn120

FactorsninnPit’snsuccess:

 Royalnpatronagenandninfuencen
 Appealntonindependents:nwhonlikednPit’snun blemishednreputaton,rnhisnfamilynnamenandnhisn
principals/moralnstance,rndislikednFoxnandnNorthn

Whynwasn1784nan‘signifcant’nelecton?

 HardnfoughtnonnNatonalnLinesn(rathernthannlocalninterests)n
 ConfrmednPitninnofcenandnfacenhimnanplaformnfornthennextntwondecadesn
- AlsongavenanplaformnfornthenemergingnPittesnandnnewnToriesn
 A blentongovernnefectvelynonnthen basisnofnstrongnmajoritesninnthenCommonsnandnLords
 HadnsupportnofnthenKingn

Why was Pit able to gain power and secure his positon as PM in 1784?

 Instability 1783-84

,  George III wantng Pit to become PM
 Pit’s personal qualites

Pit’snsolutonntonsolvingnhisn1783npro blems:

 Targetnsmuggling:nincreasencustomsnrevenuen
 Introducennewntaxesn
 Collectntaxesnmorenefcientlyn
 Extendnthensinkingnfundn
 Reducengovernmentnexpenditurenthroughnratonalisatonn
 Stmulatenoverseasntrade:nincreasencustomsnrevenuen
- BynrestoringnfnancesnPitncouldnalsonrestorenconfdenceninnthen Britshngovernmentn
andnthenpolitcalnsystemn

TargetngnSmuggling:

 Thenpro blem:napproximatelynonenffthnofnallnimportsnwerencontra bandn
- Possi blyn3’000’000n–n4’500’000nofnteanwasnillegallynimportedn
 Pit’snapproach:nhenmadensmugglingnharder
- HoveringnActnofn1784:nextendednthenrightntonsearchnsuspectedncargos
- Ofcialsncouldnsearchnshipsnupnton4nleaguesnoutntonseanrathernthann2nleaguesn
- Smugglersnmadenlessnproft
- ThenCommutatonnActnofn1784:nreducednimportndutesnonnteanfromn119%nton25%n
- Thisnwasnfollowedninn1785-87n bynreducingncustomndutesnonnwine,rnspiritsnandnto bacco
 Henmadenlegitmatentradeneasier:
- Pitnextendednthensystemnofn bondednwarehousesn(frstnproposedn bynRo bertnWalpolen
inn1733).n
- Allowednimportsnfornre-exportnton benstoredntaxnfree
- Goodsnfornimportncouldnalson benstorednandndutesnonlynpaidnwhenngodsnarentakennoutn

Evaluaton:

 Pitndidnnotndestroynsmuggling,rn butnhenmadenitnfarnlessnprofta blenandnmorenriskyn
 Valuenofnfoodnandnrawnmaterialnimportsnrosenfromn£13’000’000nton£27’000’000n betweenn
1783nandnthenmid-1790s
- Eg.nTeanenteringnthroughncustomsnlegitmatelyndou blen betweenn1786nandn1788n
 Governmentnyieldsnincreased:
- 29%nonnspiritsn
- 63%nonnwinen
- 39%nonnto baccon

NewnTaxes:n

 Mostntaxesninnthen18thncenturynwerenindirectn
 Taxesnonnluxuries:nefectednonlynthenwealthyn
- Hairnpowder
- Servants
- Horses
- Ri b bonsn
- WindownTaxn(thenmorenwindows,rnthenmorenmoneynyounhadntonpay)n

,  Othernareas:ntaxesnwerenintroduced,rn butnwithdrawnninnthenfacenofnhostlitynfromnthen
industriesnafectedn
- 1784:ntextles:nmuslins,rncoton:nrapidlynrepealedn
- 1784:nlicencesnforn Bleachers,rndyersnandntaxnonnallnprintednandn bleachedntextles:n
a bandonedninn1785n
- CoalnTax:nwithdrawnnduentonoppositonn
- ShopnTax:nhighlynunpopularnandnwasn broughtntonannendn byn1789n

IncreasednEfciency:

 SinkingnFundnofn1786
- 1784:nNatonalnDe btnwasn£243’000’000nwithninterestnchargersnamountngntona boutnan
quarternofngovernmentnspending
- 1786:nPitnwantsntonreducenthisn bynextendingnthen“SinkingnFund”
- Annualnsumsnpaidnintonitntonreducennatonalnde btn
- Existednsincen1716,rn butnitsnvaluenwasnreducedn bynothernministers,rnwhonraidednitnforn
othernpurposesn
- Itnwasnplacednundernthencontrolnofnan boardnofn6ncommissionersn
- Thenschemenworkednwell,rnwithnan£10’000’000nreducedninnthenNatonalnDe btn–nuntln
out breaknofnwarnwithnFranceninn1793n
- SinkingnFundnrestorednnatonalnconfdence:nmorenimportantnthannreducingnthen
NatonalnDe btn
- However,rnoverallnthenSinkingnFundnwasnnotnthenmostnefcientnidean
 ConsolidatednFundnActnofn1787
- Previousn103nexchequernaccountsnwerenreplacedn bynansinglenfundnaccountnatnthen
treasuryn
- Streamlinednfnancialnmanagementn
- Madensomenformnofnnatonalnaccountngnpossi blenfornthenfrstntmen

EvaluatonnofnFinancialnPolicies:n

 1793:nincomenincreasedn byn47%ninncomparisonnton1783
 Destroyednprofta blensmugglingn
 Introducesnnewntaxes
 Pitnwasnthenmostnefcientntaxngathererntongovernn Britainn
 Largelynsuccessfulnduringnpeacentme
 Fewnunsuccessfulntaxatonnpoliciesneg.nCoal,rnshopsnetc.n

Administraton:

 Wasnoutnofndaten
 Manpowern badlyndevelopednduentonpatronagen
- Ofcesnwerengivennasnrewardsnfornpolitcalnservicenandnloyaltyn–nnotnmeritn
 Pitnneededntonincreasenefciencynofngovernmentntonreducenexpendituren
- Hadnton bencatonsna boutnthenchanged
- Didn’tnwantntonofendnanyonen
- Systemnwasndesignedntonsatsfynpolitcalnandnnotnadministratvenneedsn

Approach:

 Contractsnputnoutntontendern(compettven bids)n

,  Beternauditngnofnaccountsn
 Reshufedndepartments
 Increasedncontrolnofntreasuren
- 1785:nTreasurynCommissionnofnAuditn
- Createdntonoverseenpu blicnexpenditure
- Then BoardnofnTaxes:nreinforcedn bynstafntransfersnfromnthenTreasurynandnthenExcisen
Boardn
- Creatonnofncentralnstatonarynofceninn1787nensuredneconomicsninnthensupplynofn
statonaryntondepartmentn
 Promotonn basednonnmeritn
 Allowednredundantnpositonntonlapsen
- Ie.nTheirnholdersntondien
- Notnfllingnvacantnpositonsn
 Endingnsinecuresn(gradually)


 Whennpeoplenhadnanjo bnpositonnfornlifen
IndianActn1784:

 GovernmentnofnIndian bynEastnIndianCompany
- Oldnandninefcientn
 Pitnsetnupnan BoardnofnControl,rnresponsi blentonthenCrown
- Leadingngovernmentnofcialsnincludingnhimselfnsatnonnthen boardn
 IndianActn begannthenprocessnofnextendingn Britshncontroln

Evaluaton:

 1786:ncommissionersnrecommendednthatnthenpu blicnaccountsnshouldn bena bolishedn
- Disappearednwithinnthennextn20nyearsn
- Efcientndepartmentalnmanagementnwasngraduallyn builtnupn
- WithnandegreenofnTreasuryncontroln
 Muchnofnthisnwasnproposedn bynNorth,rn butnPitnsucceedednduentonanperiodnofnsta bilityn beforen
handn

AssessmentnofnFinancialnandnAdministratvenReforms:

Successfuln–nNatonalnRevivaln Unsuccessfuln–nnonNatonalnRevivaln
 Increasednrevenuen  Somennewntaxesnfailednandnwerenwithdrawnn(eg.n
 Decreasednexpendituren Coal,rnshops,rntextles)n
 Stmulatedntraden  Pit’snideasnweren basednonnpredecessorsn
 Increasednefciencyn  Economicninheritancenwasn beternthannitnlookedninn
 Increasednnatonalnconfdencen 1783n
- IndustrialnRevoluton:nplacedn Britainninnan
massivenadvantagenpositonn


Finances:nEvidencenofnefectvenpolicies:

i. Increasednincomen
- Incomenfromntaxatonnincreasedn

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Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

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What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

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Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller anastasiazakharova. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for $10.03. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

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