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NURS548 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm Review – Questions & Answers
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NURS548 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm Review –Questions & Answers
Apoptosis ✔️Ans - A form of programmed cell death that eliminates
senescent cells, DNA,, and damage or unwanted cells.
Neoplastic cells do not die off (apoptosis) to keep the number of total cells
constant. ✔️Ans -
Labile Cell ✔️Ans - Continuously dividing tissues are those in which
cells continue to divide and replicate throughout our life, replacing cells
that are continually being destroyed. They include the surface epithelial
cells of the skin, oral cavity, vagina, and cervix; the columnar epithelium of
the gi tract, uterus, and fallopian tubes; the transitional epithelium of the
urinary tract; and bone marrow cells. These tissues can easily regenerate
after injury as long as a pool of stem cells is preserved.
Stable cells ✔️Ans - Cells that normally stop dividing when growth
stops. cells in these tissues remain dormant in the G0 stage of the cell cycle.
They are, however, capable of undergoing regeneration when confronted
with an appropriate stimulus. Stable cells constitute the parenchyma of
solid organs such as the liver and kidney. They also include smooth muscle
cells, vascular endothelial cells, and fibroblasts, the proliferation is
particularly important to wound healing.
Permanent Cell ✔️Ans - Cells in the permanent tissues to not
proliferate. they are considered to be terminally differentiated and do not
undergo mitotic division in postnatal cells. They include nerve cells,
skeletal muscle cells, and cardiac muscle cells. These cells do not normally
regenerate; once destroyed they are replaced with fibrous scar tissue that
lacks the functional characteristics of the destroyed tissue.
Cell Cycle ✔️Ans - Page 72 of textbook
Proto-Oncogene ✔️Ans - Normal genes that become cancer-causing
genes if mutated. They encode for normal cell proteins such as growth
factors, growth factor receptors, transcription factors that promote cell
, growth, cell cycle proteins and inhibitors of apoptosis. Proto-oncogenes are
associated with gene overactivity.
Oncogenesis ✔️Ans - 3 stages: Initiation; Promotion; Progression
Initiation ✔️Ans - Initial mutations occur by a carcinogenic agent such
as chemicals, radiation, or viruses causing DNA damage and cell mutation
Promotion ✔️Ans - mutated cells are stimulated to divide- activation
of oncogenes by promoter agent
Progression ✔️Ans - tumor cells compete with one another and
develop more mutations which make them more aggressive
Sequence of events in cellular response to inflammation includes leukocyte
✔️Ans - 1. margination and adhesion
2. transmigration
3. Chemotaxis
4. activation and phagocytosis
non-osseous, malignant neoplasm of tissues derived from mesoderm
✔️Ans - Sarcoma
Benign tumor of adipose tissue ✔️Ans - lipoma
Benign neoplasm arising in glandular tissue ✔️Ans - adenoma
malignant tumor of bone ✔️Ans - osteosarcoma
benign tumors ✔️Ans - tissue name + "oma"
Malignant tumor-epithielial tissue ✔️Ans - tissue name + "Carcinoma"
malignant tumor- mesenchymal tissue ✔️Ans - tissue name +
"sarcoma"
What happens during the vascular stage of acute inflammation ✔️Ans -
Prostaglandins and leukotrienes affect blood vessels. arterioles & venules
dilate
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