ATI TEAS 6 EXAM BIOLOGY TEST BANK 2024 NEW UPDATE/ ATI TEAS 6 EXAM ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY GRADED A+
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ATI TEAS 6 EXAM BIOLOGY TEST BANK 2024 NEW UPDATE/ ATI TEAS 6 EXAM ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY GRADED A+ATI TEAS 6 EXAM BIOLOGY TEST BANK 2024 NEW UPDATE/ ATI TEAS 6 EXAM ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY GRADED A+ATI TEAS 6 EXAM BIOLOGY TEST BANK 2024 NEW UPDATE/ ATI TEAS 6 EXAM ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY GRADED A+
ATI TEAS 6 EXAM BIOLOGY TEST BANK 2024 NEW
UPDATE/ ATI TEAS 6 EXAM ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY GRADED A+
Cell
Cell: basic organizational unit of all living things. One thing in common is they all have membranes
(phospholipids).
Cell structure organization: All cells contain DNA, and RNA & can synthesize proteins. Consists of
nucleic acids, cytoplasm, and cell membrane. o Tissues: Cells that are grouped together o Organs:
Tissues that are grouped together o Systems: Organs that are grouped together o Organism: A
complete individual
Nuclear parts of a cell o Nucleus: contains chromosomes, & regulates DNA of the cell. Defining
structure of eukaryotic cells (they all have nucleus). Passes genetic traits between generations.
Contains nuclear envelop, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, nuclear pores, chromatin, & ribosomes.
o Chromosomes: thread like rods of DNA. Short deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA is the genetic
material that stores information about the plant/animal.
o Chromatin: DNA & Protein makeup chromosomes
o Nucleolus: Proteins, small/round doesn’t have membrane. Protein synthesis, synthesizes &
stores RNA.
o Nuclear envelope: Encloses structures within nucleus. Made of lipids. o Nuclear pores:
Exchange materials between the nucleus * cytoplasm o Nucleoplasm: Liquid like cytoplasm,
within nucleus.
Cell Membranes
Cell Membrane (Plasma membrane): Semipermeable membrane of lipids and proteins. Made of
phospholipid bilayer, hydrophilic ends of the outer layer facing the external environment, the inner layer
facing inside the cell, hydrophobic ends facing each other. o Hydrophilic: Water loving, can dissolve
water o Hydrophobic: Hates water, can’t dissolve water
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Selective Permeability o Selective Permeability with regards to size,
charge, and solubility.
Cell structure o Ribosomes: synthesize proteins from
amino acids.
o Golgi apparatus: synthesize materials like proteins that are transported out of the cell. Near
nucleus & consists of layers of membranes.
o Vacuoles: Sacs used for storage, digestion, and waste removal. One large in plant cells/ Animal
cells are small or have numerous.
o Vesicle: Has membrane, & can move materials within the cell. o Cytoskeleton: Microtubules
that shape and support the cell. o Microtubules: Part of cytoskeleton & help support cell. Made
of protein. o Cytosol: Liquid material within the cell. Mostly water & had floating materials. o
Cytoplasm: Cytosol & organelles found within the plasma membrane, not within nucleus! o
Cell membrane: Barrier that keeps materials out of cell. Determines what’s allowed in and out.
o Rough Endoplasmic reticulum: Ribosomes on the surface, produce & store proteins
o Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum: Helps store lipids & proteins. o Mitochondrion: Generate
ATP, involved in cell growth & death. Contain their own DNA aside from the one within the
nucleus.
Functions: Produce energy, cell signaling, cellular differentiation, cell cycle &
growth regulation. Can also have aerobic respiration.
Animal Cell Structure o Centrosome: Mitosis & the cell cycle occur here o Centriole: Cellular
division o Lysosome: Digests proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Help remove undigested
substances. o Cilia: Appendages that cause a cell to move & can move fluid
o Flagella: Tail like structures that help the cell move. A cell usually only has one or a few
flagella. Longer than cilia.
Cell Cycle: Cell reproduces, growth cell, duplication of genetic material, and cell division.
Cell Differentiation: Helps determine the cell type for each cell, process is controlled by genes of
each cell (zygote). Following the directions of the genes, a cell builds certain proteins and other
substances to set it apart as a specific type of cell.
Mitosis: DNA replication & Production of new cells
IPMAT=Cytokinesis
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o Interphase: Cell prepares to divide by replicating genetic & cytoplasmic material. (G1, S, G2) o
Prophase: Chromatic thickens & nuclear membrane disintegrates. Centrioles move to opposite
sides of the cells, and spindle fibers form. Mitotic spindle, formed cytoskeleton parts, moves
chromosomes around the cell.
o Metaphase: Spindle moves to the center of the cell. Chromosomes align in the center.
o Anaphase: Sister chromosomes begin to pull apart. When separated they’re called daughter
chromosomes. Grooves appear in the cell. Cell begins to furrow.
o Telophase: Spindle disintegrates, nuclear membrane reform, and chromosomes turn into
chromatin. In animal cells membrane is pinched, in plant cell a new cell wall begins to form.
Splits into two.
o Cytokinesis: Physical splitting of the cell.
Meiosis: Reproduction of gametes zygote
o Prophase I: Parent cell's nuclear membrane begins to disappear, spindles form o Metaphase I:
Chromosomes line up with homogonous chromosomes. Crossing over may occur o Anaphase I:
Homogonous chromosomes are separated, so one of each goes to either side o Telophase I: Cell
separates, cytokinesis occurs
o Prophase II: Almost simultaneous with Telaphase I; new spindles form and attach to
centromeres o Metaphase II: Chromosomes line up again, and some crossing over may occur o
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