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Anatomy and Physiology Summary (Anafys)
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Summary of the course Anatomy and Physiology with pictures of the book. All chapters are included except H50
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By: jipvangurp1 • 7 months ago
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InhoudsopgaveH41: verschil tussen endocriene, paracriene, autocriene, neuroendocriene communicatie ............................. 2
Endocrine signaling ............................................................................................................................................ 2
Paracrine signaling ............................................................................................................................................. 2
Autocrine signaling ............................................................................................................................................. 2
............................................................................................................................................................................ 2
Local regulators .................................................................................................................................................. 3
Neuroendocrine .................................................................................................................................................. 3
H41: de verschillende klassen van regulatoren en hormonen, met de response pathways .............................. 4
H41: hormonen op verschillende weefsels verschillende uitwerking kunnen hebben. ..................................... 5
H41: Je weet hoe de controle op vrijgave van hormonen plaatsvindt; bijvoorbeeld door middel van
feedbackregulatie of als reactie op stimuli in het organisme............................................................................ 9
H41: en je kent de globale functie en afgifte route van de genoemde (zoogdier) hormonen.......................... 10
H43: je weet de anatomie en fysiologie van het hart te benoemen................................................................ 17
H43: de werking van het hart ......................................................................................................................... 17
H43: je weet de anatomie en fysiologie van de longen te benoemen ............................................................. 19
H43: de werking van de longen ...................................................................................................................... 19
H43: Bohr-effect ............................................................................................................................................. 20
H44: je weet de anatomie en fysiologie van de nieren te benoemen ............................................................. 21
H44: werking van de nieren............................................................................................................................ 24
H44: RAAS-complex........................................................................................................................................ 26
H48: anatomie en fysiologie van de zenuwcel benoemen .............................................................................. 28
H48: hoe wordt een actiepotentiaal opgewekt en een prikkel doorgegeven .................................................. 28
H49: verschil en werking van het centrale en perifere zenuwstelsel te benoemen ......................................... 29
H49: je kent de verschillende hersenkwabben, dusdanig dat je ze kan lokaliseren in de hersenen ................ 32
H49: je kent de functieverdeling in de hersenen, dusdanig dat je de hoofdfuncties van elke kwab kan
opnoemen...................................................................................................................................................... 33
H50: je kan een sensorische pathway beschrijven, en de werking van de receptoren in de sensorische
organen .......................................................................................................................................................... 33
H50: je kan de regulatie van spiercontractie uitleggen, alsmede de rol van het skelet in locomotie .............. 38
,H41: verschil tussen endocriene, paracriene, autocriene,
neuroendocriene communicatie
Endocrine signaling
• Hormones secreted into extracellular fluid by endocrine cells reach target cells via
the bloodstream.
Paracrine signaling
• In paracrine signaling, target cells lie near the secreting cell
Autocrine signaling
• In autocrine signaling, the secreting cells themselves are the target cells
,Local regulators (paracrine & autocrine)
Signaling by local regulators is in general either paracrine or autocrine.
• Prostaglandins
o Are produced throughout the body
o Promote inflammation and the sensation of pain in response to injury. Drugs
that block prostaglandins (aspirin, ibuprofen) prevent these activities.
• Nitric oxide (NO)
o Gas
o When level of oxygen in blood falls, (endothelial) cells in blood vessel walls
synthesize and release NO.
o NO activates an enzyme (in smooth muscle) that relaxes the cells.
o The result is vasodilation (groter worden van bloedvat, verwijding), which
increases blood flow to tissues.
o In human males, NO promote the vasodilation (increasing blood flow) into the
penis → producing an erection. Viagra prolongs activity of the NO response
pathway.
Neuroendocrine
• Neurons called neurosecretory cells secrete neurohormones, which diffuse from
nerve cell endings into the bloodstream
• One example of a neurohormone is: antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
, H41: de verschillende klassen van regulatoren en hormonen, met de
response pathways
Chemical classes of hormones
Three major classes:
1. Polypeptides
a. Water-soluble
b. Insulin
2. Steroids
a. Lipid soluble
b. cortisol
3. Amines
a. Amino acids (most are water-soluble)
b. Epinephrine and thyroxine
Cellular hormone response pathways
Water-soluble and lipid soluble hormones differ in their response pathways. A key difference
is the location of the receptor proteins in target cells.
• Water-soluble hormones (a)
o Are secreted by exocytosis
o Travel freely in the bloodstream
o Cannot diffuse through plasma membranes (of target cells)
o Bind to cell-surface receptors
• Lipid-soluble hormones (b)
o Exit (endocrine) cells by diffusing out across the membranes
o They bind to transport proteins, which keep them soluble in blood
o Typically bind to receptors in the
cytoplasm or nucleus
o The hormone-bound receptors then
trigger changes in gene transcription
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