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PSYCH 350 EXAM – QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS (Graded A+)
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PSYCH 350 EXAM – QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS (Graded A+)
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PSYCH 350 EXAM – QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETESOLUTIONS (Graded A+)
What is firsthand vs. secondhand information? ✔️Ans - Firsthand=
information we obtain about the world and our immediate impressions of
others through direct experiences
Secondhand= information we obtain through gossip, mass media,
biographies, & textbooks.
What sorts of problems can happen with firsthand information? ✔️Ans -
-First hand information is the most reliable, but can be deceived through
misconstrued meaning and not paying attention (snap judgments)
Pluralistic Ignorance=misperception of a group norm that results from
observing people who are acting at variance w/ their private beliefs out of
a concern for their social consequences Ex) gang violence
Self-fulfilling Prophecy= the tendency for people to act in ways that bring
about the very thing they expected to happen.
What sorts of problems arise with secondhand information? What are
ideological distortions? ✔️Ans - secondhand information tends to be less
accurate and reliable.
Ideological Distortions=people may be biased when giving info to others bc
they wish to foster specific ideas in others (innocent or misleading)
Bad News Bias- we pay attention to negative info more than positive info
How is negative information treated compared to positive information?
✔️Ans - neg. info is more appealing than pos. info
has sex appeal
-seen in the media more often because its entertaining
What is the bad news bias? ✔️Ans - we pay attention to negative info
more than positive info
What is positive framing? What is negative framing? Which is more
"effective"? ✔️Ans - Framing Effect=the way info is framed can influence
the way it is processed & understood
Positive Framing=more effective for preventable behaviors
Negative Framing=more effective for detecting a disease
, -neg. draws more attention and elicits stronger responses than pos. info
How does order impact how we think about information (i.e., order
effects)? ✔️Ans - Order Effects=when info is presented effects
judgements
Primacy effect-info presented first affects judgments (when info is
ambiguous)
Recency Effect-info presented last affects judgements (bc this is
remembered easier)
What is a schema? Why are schemas useful? ✔️Ans - Schema= a
knowledge structure consisting of any organized body of stored info
(beliefs, expectations, prior knowledge)
-they cause us to pay attention to things that we expect to see rather than
what we don't
-useful because schemas can influence judgements even when the schema
activation occurs outside of our conscious
What is priming and how does it work? ✔️Ans - -presentation of info
designed to activate a concept, making it accessible to the mind
-stimulus presented to activate the concept
Ex) old people study
What do schemas influence? ✔️Ans - -They influence memory, affect our
inferences and construals, influence our behavior
What is the confirmation bias? What is the motivated confirmation bias?
✔️Ans - Confirmation Bias=tendency to seek info that confirms our beliefs
& ignore info that disconfirms them
Motivated Confirmation Bias= when we are motivated to believe a
hypothesis, those motivations also lead us to (can I, must I)
What are heuristics? Know the representativeness, and availability
heuristics ✔️Ans - Heuristics=mental operations performed quickly and
automatically that provide efficient answers to common problems of
judgments (mental shortcuts)
Availability Heuristic=when we judge the frequency or probability of some
event by how readily pertinent instances come to mind
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