Personality, Individual Differences and Intelligence
These are lecture notes from Individual Differences lecture on Self and personality. It covers topics such as historical approaches to personality, behaviourism, theory of Dollard and Miller, Social Learning Theory, Humanistic Personality Theories, Person-Centred Therapy, self-actualisation, self-a...
Individual Differences: The Self, Self-efficacy, self-actualisation: Human personality and
motivation by Dr Michael Mantzios
- Historical learning theory approaches to personality
o Pavlov and CC
▪ 1849
o John B. Watson and behaviourism
▪ Rejected methods of introspection and interpretation = unscientific
▪ Psychology should focus on observable aspects of behaviour
▪ Watson and Rayner (1920)
• Little Albert – conditioned emotional reaction
▪ The ‘un-conditioning’ of a fear (Jones, 1924)
▪ Other applications of classical conditioning – bedwetting (Mowrer and
Mowrer, 1928)
▪ Systematic desensitisation (Wolpe, 1961)
o The radical behaviourism of B. F. Skinner
▪ Skinner 1948
▪ Did not accept the concept of personality
• Unnecessary and unscientific to postulate unobservable
o Psychological, personality-generating structures
▪ Operant conditioning
• Positive reinforcement
• Negative reinforcement
• Random or partial reinforcement schedules
• Shaping
- Integrative personality theory of Dollard and Miller
o = The stimulus-response model of personality of Dollard and Miller
o (combining psychodynamic and behaviour approaches)
▪ Habit
• Related to health behaviours
▪ Primary drives
▪ Secondary drives
▪ Secondary reinforcers
▪ Extinction
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