Personality, Individual Differences and Intelligence
These are exam notes for Individual Differences module. They cover three exam questions: comparing idiographic and nomothetic approaches to personality; the nature vs nurture views on intelligence; and whether personality is fully shaped in childhood. These notes are perfect for exam preparation or...
Compare idiographic and nomothetc approach to personality.
- Two approaches to personality
o Idiographic and nomothetc
o The terms were introduced by Allport in 1937
- Idiographic defniton
o People have unique personality structure
o Some traits possessed only by one
- Nomothetc defniton
o Emphasizes comparability among individuals
o Have less/more of traits that are consistent across people
- Structure
o Nomothetc
Psychometrics
Behaviourism
o Idiographic
Humanistc
Psychoanalysis
- Psychometrics
o Cattell
1898 – Lab of Psych – mental tests – mental ability
wrong as not related but stll used today to evaluate hearing, vision
o Binet and Simon
1905 – concept of mental age
o School of Military Psychology
1917 – developed psychological tests – tested millions of recruits
army intelligence tests had greater impact on popularisaton of psych
than Freud (Leuchtenburg, 1958)
o Ots
1919 – multple-choice scoring – group testng possible
commercial mental tests
o Thurstone
1924 – basis for SATs
1935 – multple factor analysis
o School tests
1945 - today
o Psychometrics took over
1950 – today
psychological scaling, psychological measurement, factor analysis
o contributons to applied statstcs
Jones et al., 2007
Scaling
Factor analysis
First text on fundamentals of statstcs (eg. Thorndikes, 1904)
- Behaviourism
o Pavlov
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