PMHNP QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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positive symptoms of schizophrenia - ✔✔delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized
behavior
negative symptoms of schizophrenia - ✔✔disturbance of affect, blunting (severe reduction in the
intensity of affect expression), flat affect, inappropriate affect (might laugh hysterically while describing
someones death)
nucleus accumbens - ✔✔a subcortical structure that participates in reward and addiction
mesolimbic pathway - ✔✔subcortical part of the brain involved in cognition and emotion
Overactivity of dopamine - ✔✔In mesolimbic pathway over activity from ventral tegmental area to the
nucleus accumbens produces positive symptoms of schizophrenia
mesocortical pathway - ✔✔a path through which dopaminergic projections travel to reach the
neocortex
Ventral tegmental area to prefrontal cortex cashing cognitive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia
ventral tegmental area - ✔✔a portion of the midbrain that projects dopaminergic fibers to the nucleus
accumbens
prefrontal cortex - ✔✔part of frontal lobe responsible for thinking, planning, and language
ventromedial prefrontal cortex - ✔✔the lower and central area at the front of the brain, important for
gut-level decision making
,Nigrostriatal pathway - ✔✔the dopaminergic tract from the substantia nigra to the striatum
Nigrostriatal pathway - ✔✔Communication from SnPC of the basal ganglia to the striatum (caudate +
putamen) of the BG via DA; used to initiate movement
Dopamine deficiency - ✔✔Parkinson's disease
Dopamine nigrostriatal pathway - ✔✔Controls motor movements and extrapyramidal nervous system
hyperactive dopaminergic signal transduction, overactivation of brain's D2 receptors - ✔✔what is the
biological bases for Schizophrenia disease?
overactive dopamine in basal ganglia - ✔✔Chorea, dyskinesia, tics
Dystonia - ✔✔a condition of abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle
movement
Akathesia - ✔✔inability to remain still; motor restlessness and anxiety
Akinesia - ✔✔inability to initiate movement
Chorea - ✔✔sudden, rapid, jerky, purposeless movement involving limbs, trunk, or face
,dyskinesia - ✔✔the distortion or impairment of voluntary movement such as in a tic or spasm
Turberoinfundibular pathway - ✔✔DA projecting from hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary. Inhibits
prolactin release
Blocking DA in tuberoinfundibular pathway causes - ✔✔Release of prolactin
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome - ✔✔Adverse reaction to antipsychotics with severe "lead pipe"
rigidty, FEVER, and mental status changes
Neuroleptics - ✔✔Drugs that alleviate the symptoms of severe disorders such as schizophrenia.
neurolepsis - ✔✔D2 receptors are blocked in mesolimbic pathway that reduces positive symptoms of
schizophrenia, but laos block reward mechanism, leaving patients patients apathetic , anhedonic, lacking
motivation, interest and joy from social interactions,a state similar to negative symptoms of
schizophrenia
tardive dyskinesia - ✔✔involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible
neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors
D2 receptors - ✔✔The dopamine receptors that the original antipsychotics bound to.
Chlorpromazine - ✔✔a drug that reduces the symptoms of schizophrenia by blocking dopamine D2
receptors, typical antipsychotic
muscarinic receptors - ✔✔Cholinergic receptors that are located postsynaptically in the effector organs
such as smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands supplied by parasympathetic fibers. Activated by
acetylcholine
Acetylcholine - ✔✔A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle
contraction
Cholinergic - ✔✔Referring to cells that use acetylcholine as their synaptic transmitter.
cholinergic receptors - ✔✔nicotinic and muscarinic
Anticholinergic effects - ✔✔
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