In deze complete en compacte samenvatting wordt de scheikundestof van VWO4 en 5 beschreven. Dit is gebaseerd op het handboek van NOVA. De onderwerpen die aan bod komen zijn microstructuren, brandstoffen, zouten, energie en chemie in beweging, evenwichten, zuren en basen, ruimtelijke bouw van molecu...
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Hoofdstuk 1: Microstructuren ................................................................................................................. 3
§1: Atoombouw ................................................................................................................................... 3
§2: Periodiek systeem ......................................................................................................................... 3
§3: Metalen ......................................................................................................................................... 4
§4: Moleculen ...................................................................................................................................... 4
§5: Zouten ........................................................................................................................................... 5
§6: Water ............................................................................................................................................. 6
§7: Rekenen aan reacties .................................................................................................................... 6
Hoofdstuk 2: Brandstoffen ...................................................................................................................... 7
§1: Verbranding ................................................................................................................................... 7
§7: Petrochemische industrie.............................................................................................................. 7
§8: Explosiviteit ................................................................................................................................... 7
Hoofdstuk 3: Zouten ................................................................................................................................ 8
§1: Zouten in water ............................................................................................................................. 8
§2: Neerslagreacties ............................................................................................................................ 8
§4: Gehaltes......................................................................................................................................... 8
§5: Bijzondere zouten.......................................................................................................................... 8
§6: Zeep en hard water ....................................................................................................................... 9
Hoofdstuk 4: Energie en chemie in beweging ......................................................................................... 9
§1: Reacties en energie ....................................................................................................................... 9
§2: Reactiewarmten en rendement meten ....................................................................................... 10
§3: Reactiesnelheid ........................................................................................................................... 10
§4: Botsendedeeltjesmodel .............................................................................................................. 11
Hoofdstuk 5: Evenwichten .................................................................................................................... 11
§1: Omkeerbare reacties ................................................................................................................... 11
§2: Homogene mengsels en homogene evenwichten ...................................................................... 12
§3: Heterogeen evenwicht ................................................................................................................ 12
§4: Veranderingen aan het evenwicht .............................................................................................. 12
§5: Entropie ....................................................................................................................................... 12
Hoofdstuk 6: Zuur en basisch ................................................................................................................ 13
§1: Zuur en basisch ............................................................................................................................ 13
§2: De pH-schaal ................................................................................................................................ 13
§3: Sterk en zwak............................................................................................................................... 13
, §4: Evenwichten bij zwakke zuren en basen ..................................................................................... 14
§5: Bijzondere zuren en basen .......................................................................................................... 14
§6: Zuur-basereacties opstellen ........................................................................................................ 14
§7: Rekenen met zwakke zuren en basen ......................................................................................... 14
§8: De zuur-base titratie.................................................................................................................... 14
Hoofdstuk 7: Ruimtelijke bouw van moleculen .................................................................................... 15
§1: Lewisstructuren ........................................................................................................................... 15
§2: Ruimtelijke bouw......................................................................................................................... 15
§3: Polariteit ...................................................................................................................................... 15
§4: Cis-trans-isomerie........................................................................................................................ 16
§5: Spiegelbeeldisomerie .................................................................................................................. 16
Hoofdstuk 8: Organische chemie .......................................................................................................... 16
§2: Reacties van alkanen, alkenen en alkynen .................................................................................. 16
Hoofdstuk 9: Redoxchemie ................................................................................................................... 17
§1: Elektronenoverdracht ................................................................................................................. 17
§2: Redoxreacties opstellen .............................................................................................................. 17
§3: Energie uit redoxreacties............................................................................................................. 17
§4: Elektrochemische cel in de praktijk ............................................................................................. 18
§5: De brandstofcel ........................................................................................................................... 18
, Hoofdstuk 1: Microstructuren
§1: Atoombouw
Een atoom bestaat uit een atoomkern die protonen en neutronen bevat met
daaromheen een elektronenwolk.
Atomaire massaeenheid (u) = 1,66*10-27 kg
Elementair ladingskwantum (e) = 1,66*10-19 C
Atoomnummer = aantal protonen
Massagetal = aantal protonen + aantal neutronen
Isotopen = atomen die hetzelfde aantal protonen in de kern hebben, maar een ander
aantal neutronen.
atoommassa × percentage in natuur
Relatieve atoommassa = 100%
§2: Periodiek systeem
De elementen zijn in volgorde van atoomnummer van links naar rechts in periodes
gerangschikt.
Elementen met vergelijkbare eigenschappen zijn onder elkaar gerangschikt in
groepen.
Elektronenconfiguratie = de manier waarop de elektronen zich verdeeld hebben over
de schillen. De elektronen in de buitenste schil noem je de valentie-elektronen.
Edelgassen zijn pas laat ontdekt, doordat ze nauwelijks reageren met andere stoffen.
Edelgasconfiguratie = een stabiele elektronenconfiguratie van een element dat
evenveel valentie-elektronen heeft als een edelgas.
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