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Samenvatting - Inleiding tot de vertaalkunde
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Dit document bevat alle notities uit de lessen + notities herhalingslessen + lijst met begrippen + uitleg bij begrippen.
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Inleiding tot de vertaalkundeLucca Van Volsem
Toegepaste Taalkunde Duits – Spaans
2023 - 2024
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,Inhoudsopgave
H0 Inleiding ............................................................................................................................................................................6
H1: Wat is vertalen? Wat is vertaalkunde? ..............................................................................................................................7
1. Wat is vertalen? ....................................................................................................................................................................... 7
1.1 Taxonomieën..................................................................................................................................................................... 7
1.2 Volgens modus (spreken, schrijven of gebaren) ............................................................................................................... 7
1.3 Volgens domein ................................................................................................................................................................ 7
1.4 Volgens oude en nieuwe normen ..................................................................................................................................... 7
1.5 Waarom is vertalen belangrijk? ........................................................................................................................................ 8
2. Wat is vertaalkunde? ............................................................................................................................................................... 8
2.1 Vertaalkunde/vertaalwetenschap? ................................................................................................................................... 8
2.2 Holmes-toury map 1972/2012 ......................................................................................................................................... 9
3. Take home message................................................................................................................................................................. 9
4. Discussievraag – Wat moet je kennen en kunnen om goed te vertalen? ................................................................................. 9
H2 Is vertalen al:jd mogelijk? .............................................................................................................................................. 10
1. Is vertalen kunst of kunde? .................................................................................................................................................... 10
2. Wat moet een vertaler kennen en kunnen? ........................................................................................................................... 10
2.1 6 VertaalcompetenPes .................................................................................................................................................... 10
3. Hebben vertalers een toekomst? ........................................................................................................................................... 10
4. Wat doet een vertaler eigenlijk? ............................................................................................................................................ 10
5. Andere jobs in de vertaalindustrie ......................................................................................................................................... 10
6. Is vertalen alIjd mogelijk? ..................................................................................................................................................... 11
6.1 TaalrelaPvisme (nee) ....................................................................................................................................................... 11
6.2 Taaluniversalia ................................................................................................................................................................ 11
6.3 Limieten van vertaalbaarheid ......................................................................................................................................... 11
6.4 Meestal is vertalen mogelijk ........................................................................................................................................... 12
7. Take home message............................................................................................................................................................... 12
8. Discussievraag – Ken je een onvertaalbaar woord of uitdrukking ......................................................................................... 12
H3 Equivalen:e in vertaling ..................................................................................................................................................13
1. Oude Grieken (ca 800 v.c. - 146 n.c.) ..................................................................................................................................... 13
2. De Romeinen (753 v.c. - 476 n.c.)........................................................................................................................................... 13
3. Hiëronymus (347-420) ........................................................................................................................................................... 13
4. Renaissance & humanisme .................................................................................................................................................... 13
4.1 Eerste vertaal theorePsch traktaat in de volkstaal in Europa ......................................................................................... 13
4.2 Maarten Luther (1483-1546) .......................................................................................................................................... 13
5. Ontstaan naIonale vertaalsIjlen .......................................................................................................................................... 14
5.1 17e - 18e eeuw ............................................................................................................................................................... 14
5.2 18e-19e eeuw ................................................................................................................................................................. 14
6. Soorten equivalenIe .............................................................................................................................................................. 14
6.1 Lexicale equivalenPe ....................................................................................................................................................... 14
6.2 MorfosyntacPsche equivalenPe...................................................................................................................................... 15
6.3 BetekenisequivalenPe ..................................................................................................................................................... 15
2
, 7. EquivalenIe taxonomieën van bekende vertaalwetenschappers .......................................................................................... 15
7.1 Dynamische equivalenPe (= funcPonele equivalenPe) ................................................................................................... 15
7.2 SituaPonele equivalenPe ................................................................................................................................................ 16
7.3 Andere equivalenPe taxonomieën.................................................................................................................................. 16
8. Hoe beslissen welke equivalenIe prioritair is? ...................................................................................................................... 16
9. Probleem bij pragmaIsche equivalenIe: hoe zelfde effect creëren en meten? .................................................................... 17
10. Wat is nu de uitdaging voor de vertaler bij dit alles? .......................................................................................................... 17
11. Take Home Messages .......................................................................................................................................................... 17
H4 Vertaaltechnieken ...........................................................................................................................................................18
1. Vinay & Darbelnet 1958 ........................................................................................................................................................ 18
1.1 L’emprunt - leenwoord.................................................................................................................................................... 18
1.2 Calque - leenvertaling ..................................................................................................................................................... 18
1.3 La traducPon li\érale - le\erlijke vertaling..................................................................................................................... 18
1.4 TransposiPon - TransposiPe ............................................................................................................................................ 19
1.5 ModulaPon - modulaPe .................................................................................................................................................. 19
1.6 équivalence - equivalenPe .............................................................................................................................................. 20
1.7 AdaptaPon - adaptaPe .................................................................................................................................................... 20
1.8 Heruitgave 1955.............................................................................................................................................................. 21
2. Extra procédés - Vinay & Darbelnet ....................................................................................................................................... 21
2.1 Explicitering .................................................................................................................................................................... 21
2.2 Generalisering ................................................................................................................................................................. 22
2.3 CompensaPe ................................................................................................................................................................... 22
3. Andere theorieën omtrent vertaaltechnieken........................................................................................................................ 22
3.1 Ca_ord 1965 ................................................................................................................................................................... 22
3.2 Chesterman 1997............................................................................................................................................................ 22
4. Niet vermelde taaltechnieken ................................................................................................................................................ 22
5. Manieren om gebruikte vertaaltechnieken te onderzoeken .................................................................................................. 22
6. Take-home messages ............................................................................................................................................................. 23
7. Oefentoets ............................................................................................................................................................................. 23
H5 Vertaaluniversalia ...........................................................................................................................................................25
1. DescripIeve vertaalwetenschappen ...................................................................................................................................... 25
1.1 Mona Baker 1953............................................................................................................................................................ 25
H6 Func:es in vertaling ........................................................................................................................................................27
1. Nieuwe funcIonalisIsche theorieën...................................................................................................................................... 27
1.1 Duitsland in de jaren 70 & 80 ......................................................................................................................................... 27
1.2 Katharina Reiss................................................................................................................................................................ 27
1.3 Antwoord op tekstsoor\heorie – Vermeer 1978............................................................................................................ 28
1.4 Skopostheorie – Reiss & Vermeer 1984 .......................................................................................................................... 28
2. FuncIonalisIsche vertaaltheorie ........................................................................................................................................... 29
3. Take home messages ............................................................................................................................................................. 29
H7 Normen in vertaling ........................................................................................................................................................30
1. Wat zijn (vertaal)normen? ..................................................................................................................................................... 30
2. Normen en genre – Delaere en De Sucer .............................................................................................................................. 30
3. Normen en vertalen – Gideon Toury ...................................................................................................................................... 30
3
, 4. Vertaalnormen door de eeuwen heen ................................................................................................................................... 30
5. KriIek op Toury – Lawrence VenuI ........................................................................................................................................ 31
6. Polysysteemtheorie – vertaalnormen bepaald dr status in ontvangende cultuur ................................................................. 31
7. Vertaalproces = machtsuitoefening ....................................................................................................................................... 32
8. FeminisIsche vertaalwetenschappen .................................................................................................................................... 33
8.1 DomesPcaPon vs foreignizaPon...................................................................................................................................... 33
8.2 Opdracht – vertaal deze zin in het NL op 3 manieren ..................................................................................................... 34
8.3 ReacPe op VenuP – Anthony Pym 1996.......................................................................................................................... 34
9. Conclusie ................................................................................................................................................................................ 34
H8 Nieuwe vormen van vertaling.......................................................................................................................................... 35
1. Nieuwe (& vernieuwde) vormen van vertaling ...................................................................................................................... 35
1.1 Audiovisuele vertaling (AV) ............................................................................................................................................. 35
2. Samenvagng ......................................................................................................................................................................... 35
2.1 OnderPteling................................................................................................................................................................... 35
2.2 LipsynchronisaPe (dubbing) ............................................................................................................................................ 36
2.3 Voice Over....................................................................................................................................................................... 36
2.4 AudiodescripPe ............................................................................................................................................................... 36
2.5 LokalisaPe ....................................................................................................................................................................... 36
3. LokalisaIeblunders – struikelblokken .................................................................................................................................... 37
4. Fansubs – Diaz Cintas & Munoz Sanchez 2006 ...................................................................................................................... 37
5. TranscreaIe – creaIef vertalen ............................................................................................................................................. 37
6. Nieuwe producIeprocessen................................................................................................................................................... 38
6.1 Instrumenteel-professionele vaardigheden .................................................................................................................... 38
6.2 Soorten vertaalhulpmiddelen ......................................................................................................................................... 38
6.3 Nadelen machinevertaling .............................................................................................................................................. 38
6.4 Soorten CAT-tools............................................................................................................................................................ 39
7. Impact van globalisering en digitalisering op audiovisuele vertaling .................................................................................... 39
8. CollaboraIeve translaIon & Crowdsourcing ......................................................................................................................... 39
8.1 Nog enkele termen ......................................................................................................................................................... 39
9. Conclusie ................................................................................................................................................................................ 40
Herhalingsles + voorbeelden examenvragen .........................................................................................................................41
1. Hoofdstuk 1 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 41
1.1 Voorbeeldvragen ............................................................................................................................................................ 41
2. Hoofdstuk 2 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 41
2.1 Voorbeeldvraag............................................................................................................................................................... 42
3. Hoofdstuk 3 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 42
3.1 Voorbeeldvraag............................................................................................................................................................... 42
4. Hoofdstuk 4 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 43
4.1 Voorbeeldvraag............................................................................................................................................................... 43
5. Hoofdstuk 5 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 44
5.1 Voorbeeldvraag............................................................................................................................................................... 44
6. Hoofdstuk 6 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 44
6.1 Voorbeeldvraag............................................................................................................................................................... 44
7. Hoofdstuk 7 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 45
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