Summary Three Significant Notes for Applied Linguistics Scholars
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Course
HS-514, HS-512, HS-519, HS-500,H-501, H-502
Institution
University Of Karachi
Book
English for Writing Research Papers
I am sharing three documents: one is a summary of Adrian Wallwork's Book on English for Research Writing, It is a holistic guide on research writing mechanics, specially if the medium of expression is English. Second documents discusses the features of Pakistani English; whereas the third document...
Three Significant Notes for Applied Linguistics Scholars
Summary Scientific Writing (book + quizes)
Academic English lectures (summary of papar named English for Writing Reseach Papers included)
All for this textbook (4)
Written for
University Of Karachi
HS-514, HS-512, HS-519, HS-500,H-501, H-502
All documents for this subject (2)
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Summary
Adrian Wallwork’s English for Writing Research Papers
Chapter 1
The chapter highlights the significance of planning to write a research paper efficiently to
judiciously invest time and energy. Preparation and planning of a publishable research paper
follow certain steps. First, identify the research gap and make your contribution as a researcher.
Second, collect data, analyse it and prepare the manuscript carefully. Third, choose a high-impact
factor journal to add to the credibility of your work. Fourth, carefully read and follow the
instructions of the journal for the aspiring authors. Fifth, collect literature pertinent to your theme
or domain to find out and tabulate their methodology, strengths and weaknesses and implications
for further research. Sixth read already published articles in that journal and peruse their structure
and try to align your paper layout with the layout of that journal research. papers/articles. Seventh,
get to know what a journal’s editor wants in terms of originality, much sought-for solution, clarity
of purpose, format, coherence, length and style. Eighth, select a model or base paper for better
ideas on content quality and structure. Ninth, know the order of sections, what to write and how to
write, and make separate files. Tenth, consider what the reviewers will be looking for. These
referees tend to be most interested in whether the paper makes sense from a scientific point of
view. For that, write in good professional English, and finally, consult online resources for the best
advice and materials for your research paper.
Chapter 2
In the second chapter, the author talks about the word order as two or three badly constructed
sentences may be enough for referees to initially recommend rejecting a paper. According to the
author, this chapter focuses on putting words in a sentence in the correct order, that correct order
may be very different from the syntax of your language.
In the English language basic order is subject, verb, direct object, and indirect object The author
explains details about word order in different headings highlighting the main points. For “subject”
authors say if you have a choice use the most relevant and concise subject. using “it” will end
delaying the subject in the sentence, begin the sentence with a pronoun that refers back to a noun,
and always keep the subject before the verb as much as possible, avoid putting parenthetical
between subject and verb so that readers don’t get misled.
For verb instructions, authors say don’t separate a verb with a direct object and indirect object
should always come after the direct object.
For adverbs, authors say that adverbs should come before verbs, if there are two auxiliaries then
they should come before the second auxiliary verb, and after the present and the past tense “to
be”. If possible, delay adverbs until later in the sentence. The main exceptions to this rule are
adverbs of contrast and those that enumerate points.
For adjectives, the author says to put an adjective before a noun or a relative clause, do not insert
it between two nouns. Avoid making strings of nouns and ambiguity in the order of words.
, Chapter 3
In John Adair’s words, an 8-word sentence is 90% comprehensible; whereas, a 27-word, poorly
punctuated is only 4% comprehensible. Readers love to read easy-to-understand sentences. They
lose interest when they have to plod through long and complex sentences with intense
concentration and attempt multiple reads before they can grab key ideas. According to many
researchers, writing in English as a non-native language, find short simple sentences more useful
to express themselves. Long sentences are appropriate when multiple related ideas of varying
significance have to be strung up. Punctuation and connectives or transitional elements work
wonderfully to cement these ideas together, paving an easy transition from one idea to another.
Yet, care is needed to avoid long strings of ideas. Similarly, additional information in parentheses
should be inserted in a sentence logically to facilitate comprehension reading, instead of hampering
it. If necessary, multiple similar ideas should be separately presented in short simple sentences.
Chapter 4
This chapter introduces various ways to make your writing easy to read for your readers by
orienting it to your reader. A good piece of writing is always written, keeping readers in mind and
their caliber. The reader-centred approach is beneficial for an author as many people will read his
paper and will cite it.
Readers expect that every paper has a pattern to follow, the paper starts with a title on top followed
by an abstract and then an introduction and literature review.
Similarly, every paragraph also should be made according to the reader's expectations. It should
begin with a topic sentence, its middle part explains the idea and the last sentence should conclude
the discussion.
The author says you can begin a paragraph with a summary of your paper in two lines so that a
reader reading in between can understand the information, or you can begin a paragraph with the
main points. The structure of the paragraph must be formed in such a way that the first two
sentences help set the context and gently guide the reader into the paragraph's insight. The third
sentence then introduces the new element.
For linking the sentence of the paragraph, the author gives a formula that is:
1 main topic introduces a subtopic
2. subtopic 1 is specified by introducing subtopic 2
3. subtopic 2 is specified introducing subtopic 3
4. a further/related aspect of subtopic 3 is introduced via subtopic 4
The author says each sentence is linked in a chain. An entire chain is a paragraph, and a series of
linked chains make up a section. This chain should be attached with ideas or themes logically
building the steps of the block by steps. It allows readers in the very first sentence to understand
what the writer is trying to say, your writing should not force readers to change their perspective.
The author further says that if you need to describe the stages and procedure use a numbering
system.
Always discuss your study or finding in a new paragraph. Break your long paragraphs as they are
not reader-friendly and do not appeal to their eyes, author's points will all be easy to understand if
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