FL 5 AAMC MCAT question with complete solution 2024 LATEST EDITION GUARANTEED GRADE A+

What is the chemical structure of a component found in four of the five cofactors used by Na+-NQR? says it is composed of flavin structure is a nucleotide base structure B could be structure C also could be structure D is an amino acid down between B and C to help, look at the captioned note on the table. it says Fl represents flavin which is the redox active center in four of the five cofactors of Na+-NQR C has an uniquinone AND HERE IS IS MENTIONED THAT UNIQUINONE IS IS A SUBSTATE What is the ratio of cation to enzyme in the spectroelectrochemical experiments described in the passage? cation : enzyme passage says Na+NQR was diluted to a final concentration of 0.75 mM in 0.150 molar of the cation ions cation .15 M: Brainpower Read More Previous Play Next Rewind 10 seconds Move forward 10 seconds Unmute 0:00 / 0:00 Full screen The reaction between NADH and ubiquinone is exergonic, but the reaction, when catalyzed by Na+-NQR, does not generate much heat in vivo. What factor accounts for this difference? Conservation of energy, it is not created nor destroyed but merely changes forms A. Is not possible, Even if it was heat generation would be larger for a catalyzed rection. C. is impossible, reactants have to be close together to react The movement of a charged particle against its concentration gradient is energetically costly. Two open flasks I and II contain different volumes of the same liquid. Suppose that the pressure is measured at a point 10 cm below the surface of the liquid in each container. How will the pressures compare? pressure=pgh g=10 p= density (same liquid so same density) h= 10 cm both have same height so pressure will be the same-- if heights were different pressure would be different Question Which of the following substances is polar? If there is a net dipole it is polar Question If all else is held constant, which of the following changes would NOT double the volume of a gas? pv=nrt What is the number of neutrons in the nucleus of the atom used to produce laser radiations? 86Kr+ laser 86= mass Kr has proton number as 36 86-36=50 the cation or anion charge with any element is indicative of the charge aka electron count What is the molecular formula of the heterocyclic aromatic compound pyrrole? passage says its a tetra pyrrole so there are 4 carbons The radiation of wavelength 605 nm CANNOT be used to produce the fluorescence radiations depicted in Figure 3 because: Maybe if you read the passage for once in your life and not get confident then maybe you wouldn't have to take the exam for a third time Not D because look at the passage not C because of E=hc/lambda (high wavelength low energy) Approximately how many moles of Kr+ are contained in the laser tube at 0°C and 1 atm? Have to recognize STP conditions of 0 C and 1 atm (22.4 L) Volume in PV=nrt is in L 1cm^3=1mL The CD spectroscopy signal that was used to generate the data in Figure 1 arises from the chirality of the: look for what is chiral B is not C is not D- most beta carbons are not chiral Samples from various time points of the proteolysis of TPMTwt were subjected to SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions. Which figure best depicts the expected appearance of the gel? - For proteolysis, the protein is expected to be broken up over time - Small fragments will travel faster in the SDS-PAGE A and B show that they are building up or oligermizing If the combined mass of the TPMT substrate and cofactor was determined before the enzymatically catalyzed reaction and then compared to the combined mass of the product and the cofactor after the reaction, the net change in molecular weight will be: Passage says that TPMT is an enzyme (methyltransferase) can also think about the conservation of mass balance equation on products and reactants The structure of Compound 2 is shown. Compound 2 What structural feature(s) is(are) most important to the functioning of this compound as described in the passage? - Compound 2 helped extract the receptor - Receptor is MPR (progesterone) steroid is hydrophobic so probably has to do someting with that Which experimental evidence suggests that the purified hMPRα obtained by the researchers was in its native state? Dude. Just stop. C is the answer. It literally says. A. The tags that were used for extraction could still intefere with the protein's native function/binding A major obstacle to obtaining useful energy from a nuclear fusion reactor is containment of the fuel at the very high temperatures required for fusion. The reason such high temperatures are required is to: A MAKES NO SENSE WHY WOULD YOU USE HIGH TEMPS TO ELIMINATE THE NULEAR FORCE charge is always conserved no matter the carge C- the higher density the material, the closer the nucleic are to each oter Enantiomers can exhibit a difference in which chemical or physical property? - Enantiomers retain most properties (density, boiling point, IR spect) - The strong nuclear force is what holds a nucleus together, fusion would want a strong nuclear force to hold the. protons together Which classification of amino acids applies to the Trp residues after photochemical modification by CCl3CO2H? Carboxylic is an acid it is not asking about trp in general but rather the residues Based on the passage, what most likely causes W96 to be accessible to CHCl3 at 75°C? A. Peptide bonds are broken, releasing W96. B. Reduction of disulfide bonds occurs. C. The protein unfolds and exposes W96 to the buffer. D. CHCl3 extracts W96 from the protein interior. Passage says: temperature which fully denatures carbonic anhydrase but leaves its primary structure intact primary structure= amino acids Peptide bonds are not broke What is the name of the ionic compound used to make Buffer B? A. Ammonium formate B. Ammonium carbonate C. Ammonium bicarbonate D. Ammonium acetate formate: hco2 carbonate: Hco3- bicarbonate: hco3- acetate: ch3cooh Which chromatographic technique would most likely separate a mixture of native carbonic anhydrase from carbonic anhydrase photochemically modified by CCl3CO2H? Passage says: Native carbonic anhydrase also has a net charge of -2.9 at pH 8.0. The photochemical adds carboxylic acids which are negatively charged Pv=nrt Helps you look at the relationship between everything 4 mols of CO react to give you 2 mol of product n is halved that mean pressure is halved bc direct relationship 0.5*1 In which phase(s) will the MCS precursor be predominantly found after the extraction step? Passage MCS is a lipophillic precursor (it loves lipids) so it is not water soluble When the covalent attachment to alliinase is broken, PLP is still held rigidly in the active site by a salt bridge and a π-stacking interaction. These interactions are most likely provided by the side chains of which amino acids? Can eliminate B and D because they do not include pi stacking (tyrosine pi stacks) Now between Asp and Arg. Use passage info Alliinase is a pyridoxal phosphate (PLP, vitamin B6) dependent enzyme. PLP is a planar molecule with a 6-membered ring, a hydroxyl group, an aldehyde group, and a phosphate. PLP is covalently attached to alliinase by forming an aldimine with the side chain of the amino acid at position 251. So negative needs a positive to stabilize (phosphate in the group when deprotonated would be negative) As the pH of a solution of this amino acid is raised, which group deprotonates first? Between I and III I would be more acidic because the negative charged is stabilized through inductive effect of the neighboring electronegative chlorines In the case of III the negative charge would be unstable because of the close charge seaparation from the amino group units for capacitance farad If both the capacitor and the power supply in Figure 1 are adjustable, which of the following changes would result in an increase in the charge on the capacitor? Jack Westin Advanced Solution will be added here. A. Decreasing the area of the parallel plates B. Decreasing the separation between the parallel plates C. Removing the dielectric from the capacitor D. Decreasing the voltage of the power supply Q=CV and also C=AE0/D Adding a dielectric will increase the capacitance and therefore decrease the energy stored in a capacitor If the wavelength of a light beam were doubled, its frequency would be: c=lambdaf If the energy of a photon is doubled, which of the following properties of the photon will also double? e=hc/lambda e=hf An ester is prepared by the method of direct esterification using an esterase enzyme as a catalyst. Which of the following modifications will NOT appreciably increase the final yield of ester? B. increase on reactant will shift to products C. increase in reactants will shift to products D. removing product will cause product to freak out and get it Question A person pushes on a rolling cart with a force that diminishes with time because the person must walk faster to keep up with the accelerating cart. How much work does the person generate while pushing on the cart? area on force and distance graph= work The association observed experimentally between the expression of miRNAs and mRNAs in AR kidney transplants indicates that miRNAs regulate the expression of genes implicated in which type(s) of immune response(s)? I looked as passage when the question clearly stated the experiment, so have to refer to the experiment for this Passage info: Using AR biopsy specimens, researchers measured the levels of CD3 (T cell) mRNA and CD20 (B cell) mRNA and determined that there was a positive correlation between these mRNA levels and the levels of miR-142-5p, miR-155, and miR-223 but not with miR-10b, miR-30a-3p and let-7c. So it is only referring to the adaptive immune system Monocytes are for innate immunity Lymphocytes are for adaptive immunity Which is a plausible reason why participants with the attachment style investigated are less likely to seek support from others in times of stress? Avoidant attachment style- difficulties in trusting and depending on others (they are less likely to seek support during times of stress) Lack of worry- this is secure attachment style concerns about others relutance to get close to them- anxious ambivalent style As infants, what type of parent-infant interaction most likely occurred for the participants? Avoidant attachment- no anxiety, does not want contact with the parent secure attachment- some attachment anxiety and and separation anxiety strong separation anxiety + tendency to resist contact with the parent-- anxious ambivalent The internal working model that sets expectations about self and others described in the study is an example of: insight- novel realization of a solution to a problem critical period- individual is more receptive to learning from specific types of experiences schemas- structures tht determine one's expectations in different contacts including social interactions heuristics- offer shortcuts to mental reasoning and problem solving Which brain region will be LEAST activated when participants are completing the tasks in the study? passage: identify a past event, physical and emotional stess respoonse parietal lobe- it intergrates sensory information and it would least likely to be used in this case prefrontal cortex- involved in executive functioning and decision making amygdala- emotional encoding The patient described in the passage is most likely using which defense mechanism? Passage: pt has low self esteem and says he feels inferior towards his successful partner, hates feeling tht wsy, stop ttending social events with partner bc elevates feelings of inferiority but also has love for him Projection= occurs when someone attributes unacceptale thoughts or behaviors within themself to another person rationalizatio-- logical explanation for unacceptable behavior rxn formation- minimizing uncomfy thoughts or emotions by overemphasizing their opposite. emotion displacement- involves shifting emotion from a less to more acceptable target The independent variable can usually be controlled independent variables have to be experimentally manipulated Which statement best explains the patient's behavior in terms of operant conditioning? C. A positive punisher decrease the frequency of the preceding behavior by introducing an aversive stimulus. pt's attendance of social events decreased as a result of his event attendance leading to the elevation of feelings of inferiority Weber's characteristics of an ideal bureaucracy suggest that most formal organizations will: - Employment in a formal organization is based on technical qualifications - Weber's conceptualization of ideal bureaucracy- formal organization requires specializtion in a limited number of tasks rather than completing a variety of tasks - hierarchy makes decisions - standarized rules Question A 34-year-old man has had a series of brief relationships with several romantic partners, but has never established a close, intimate relationship with a partner. According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, which outcome best describes this example? role confusion is in adolescents stagnation is a stage in erikson for middle adulthood Question Which statement best describes the sociological conceptualization of race and ethnicity? - race and ethnicity change over time and location - not based on physical characterisitcs because they encompass social and cultural categories Which construct best describes the process in which an immigrant group comes to express the cultural values and norms of a new country? - Cultural transmission- transmission of values and practices from one generation to another - Cultural relativism- understnading every culture is unique in someway - cultural diffusion- mutual exchange of cultural values and practices among cultural groups in a society or among societiies Which conclusion demonstrates a fundamental attribution error when interpreting the results of the study? Fundamental attribution error refers to the tendency to attribute's people behavior to dispositional traits If participants in the study rated the administrator's attitude more inconsistently in the "Alone" condition than in the "With Others" condition, then: In statisitics, standard deviation increases when there is a greater variance in participants' responses (when the responses are inconsistent) standard deviation is a measure of how spread out the numbers are In the study, what is the most likely outcome if participants exhibited social facilitation? do better when people are watching Which construct is most relevant to the description in paragraph 2 about the comparison of two wines with different levels of sweetness? As more sugar is added, subtle changes in the sweetness of wine can be detected by both experts and novices. Weber's law- minimum change in intensity necessary for subject to sense that the stimulus has changed is a ration of the original stimulus intensity perceptual constancy- tendency to experience a stable perception even as a sensory input itself is changing absolute threshold- smallest amount of physical stimulation required to detect a sensory input half of the time it is present Which factor is most likely a potential confounding variable in the study described in the final paragraph? To examine whether visual information was more relevant than a flavor profile in eliciting an accurate description of the wine's flavor, researchers had 54 novices—students training to become sommeliers—perform two different wine comparison sessions. In each individual testing session, people tasted two different wines, one red and one white, and described the two wines. In the second session, one week after the first, both of the wines were actually the same; the white wine had been colored red and substituted for the red wine. Deals with food coloring, but we are studying the taste red food coloring was the independent variable confounding variables are variables that you didn't take into account initially Which receptors are responsible for the color vision necessary to detect the food coloring described in the passage? Rods- responsible for black and white vision social inhibition presence of audience hinders performance Question A woman loses her job, finds that she is unable to pay her bills, and accumulates debt. She must sell her home and move into an apartment. This woman has experienced which type of social mobility? Horizontal mobility- individual's change of role within the same class. Vertical mobility- change in someone's SES status. intergenerational mobility- refers to generational change in SES that is different across different generations structural mobility- social mobility as a result of macrosocial generally impacting a significant part of the population Question A researcher interested in cultural differences regarding happiness designs a cross-cultural study in which happiness is measured relative to a nation's gross domestic product. Which is a dependent variable in this study? Looking at happiness RELATIVE to the nation's gross domestic product happiness levels change probably with the gross domestic product social comparison individuals compare themselves (favorable or unfavorably) to their social contacts Suburbanization is most likely to be studied by researchers working with which of the four theoretical perspectives from the passage? movement out of cities into suburbs remember they are asking about which one is talking about what suburbanization is, hence answer A Due to the assertion that the local environment influences adolescents' norms and values, the ecological perspective is most similar to which sociological theory? strain theory- how people react to social constraints to achieving goals disengagement theory- deals with how OLDER PEOPLE disengage from society differential association- focuses on how an individual might learn behaviors that are considered deviant in a larger society labeling theory- focuses on how deviant behaviors in the past have long term stigmatiizng impacts on individuals In subsequent research, the study is expanded to examine how high-SES African American adolescents adapt to predominantly white neighborhoods. Which concept would be LEAST applicable to this follow-up study? Social role conflict- conflicitng demans of two different social roles an individual carries demographic transition- model that changes in a country's population. population will eventually stop growign when the country transitions from high birth rates and high death ates to low birth rates and death rates The participants in Study 1 ignore information that suggests that negative events are more likely than they think. This is best characterized as an example of: cognitive dissonance- individual holds two attitudes and it stresses them group polarization- people have their own ideas (vs group think where everyone just conforms) representatuve heuristic- you think i am a doctor because i am wearing scrubs and that confirms the prototype of a doctor wearing scrubs The future research described at the end of the passage is LEAST likely to be designed with which type of method? Ethnography- make in person observations in a cultural setting for an extended period of time not experimental because this deals with cancer pts and caregivers which is experimental In a case study with an infant, Watson paired the presentation of a white rat with a loud noise. After several pairings, the infant was afraid of the white rat and also other stimuli that were white and furry, such as a white rabbit. The infant's fear response to the white rabbit is due to the process of: Spontaneous recovery- reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus Question In operant conditioning, partial reinforcement, rather than continuous reinforcement, leads to a response that is: continuous reinforcement- fast rate of acquisition but quicker to extinction partial reinforcement- slower acquisition and slower extinction A woman's manufacturing job is unexpectedly outsourced to a factory in Country A. She responds with hostility and anger towards all people from Country A and accuses them of taking her job. Which concept best describes her response? Xenophobia- fear and suspicion towards cultures perceived to be foreign ethnocentrism- values and practices of other cultures is evaluated by someone's own cultural lenses and is considered as inferior The categorization aspect of the cognitive functioning assessment involves which type of memory? Not short term because sort term can only hold it in for a couple of seconds semantic memory- facts and knowledge episodic memory- long term memory for personally experienced events Based on the passage, participation in which study is most likely to be associated with a decrease in hippocampal volume in rats? Studies on animals have shown that chronic increases in stress-related hormones are associated with reduced dendritic spines, decreased long-term potentiation, and reduced neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Studies on humans show that people who have experienced posttraumatic stress disorder have reduced hippocampal volume. avoidance learning- occurs when an individual eresponse to prevent the presentations of an anversive stimulus and and learned helpeless is a behavioral and physiologucal state that occurs as a result of exposure to uncontrollable aversive consequences avoidance- before the stress even happens you avoid it The morphological changes associated with elevated stress or exercise are examples of: Maturation- expected development associated with the gradual unfolding of one's genetic blueprint neural transmission- communication between neurons Which process most likely accounts for the effect of the peer group's response, described in paragraph 4, on a teenager's drug experimentation? Normative- individuals acting in ways that comply with the norms of their social groups information social influence- individuals conform to others' behavior because they are in an ambigious situation for which they do not have a script Participants' scores on the antagonism scale are most likely associated with scores on which personality trait? "To assess personality, the researchers developed a brief inventory (the HP5) based on the Five-Factor Model of personality." big 5 OCEAN conscientiousness= related to organization, punctulaity, and dependability sensation- degree to which indiviudals seek novelty and high stimulating activities openness- curiosity, imagination, and unconventional attitudes Participants' responses to the self-statements on the inventory described in the passage could be affected by each of the following confounds EXCEPT: Hawtrone effect- change in behavior when they know they are being observed. demand characterisitcs- results of experiment are biased because the experimenters' expectancies regarding the performance create an implicit demand to perform as expected Question If a researcher defines the concept of religiosity as the frequency an individual engages in religious meetings, rituals, or practices, that researcher has created a(n): conceptualization- stage in a study where the researcher describes the social dynamics to a concept operationalization- refers to how an abstract concept as a variable is observed through different measurements stereotype threat an individual might be worried about conforming to a negatively stereotyped role due to their social background phosphodiester bonds link successive nucleotides in the sequence of nucleic acids hydrogen bonds base pair nucleotides CONTINUED...