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Gender and Feminism QUESTIONS WITH CERTIFIED ANSWERS
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New Social Movements --emerged in the 1960s -challenged traditional political allegiances of .Western liberal politics .Worker-based movements (labor unions) .State socialism (Western and Eastern Europe) .broad-based and identity-based Broad-Based Movements -.Civil rights movements .Anti-Vie...

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  • February 6, 2024
  • 38
  • 2023/2024
  • Exam (elaborations)
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  • gender and feminism questions with certified answe

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  • AQA
  • FEMINISM
  • FEMINISM
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Gender and Feminism QUESTIONS
WITH CERTIFIED ANSWERS
New Social Movements -✔✔-emerged in the 1960s

-challenged traditional political allegiances of

.Western liberal politics

.Worker-based movements (labor unions)

.State socialism (Western and Eastern Europe)

.broad-based and identity-based



Broad-Based Movements -✔✔.Civil rights movements

.Anti-Vietnam War activism

.Environmental movement

.Free speech on campus movement



Identity-based Movements -✔✔-Black Power Movement

-American Indian Movement

-Chicano/a Movement (La Raza)

-Feminist Movement

-Gay and Lesbian Liberation Movement



Identity Politics -✔✔"involve claiming one's identity as a member of an oppressed or marginalized
group as a political point of departure."

-identity becomes a "major factor in political mobilization." (Kathryn Woodward)

,Appealing to Identity Two distinct ways: Essentialist position -✔✔-claims the group's uniqueness

Ex: assumes women are more caring and peaceful because of their biological capacity to give birth

-Problem: doesn't account for women who advocate war or for men who advocate peace



Appealing to Identity Two Distinct ways: Non-essentialist position -✔✔-Identities seen as

-relational and dynamic, not static

-multi-dimesional

-fluid and evolving

Ex: working-class feminists; gender queer feminists; feminists of color (Chicana feminists, Black
feminists, Asian American feminists; trans-gender feminists)



What's New About New Social Movements? -✔✔-Critical of "class reductionism" of Marxism

-Recognition of the complexity of multiple social divisions (gender, race, class, sexuality, ethnicity,
disability, citizenship status)



Karl Marx on class struggle -✔✔-Capitalism-a small minority owns the forces of production ('capitalists
or 'ruling class') main goal is profit

-Class divisions in capitalist societies

-Bourgeoisie-those who owned the means of production; the wealthy owner of business and factories;
the ruling class

-Proletariat- the working people whose labor produces profit for the bourgeoise business/factory
owner; the working class

-Communist revolution-workers unite; cast off their chains; build an egalitarian society



Kollontai's critique (1909) -✔✔-Experiences of working-class women are very different from those of
middle-class and wealthy women

-Asks if a single united women's movement is possible in a society based on class contradictions

,-"Women can become truly free and equal only in a world organized along new social and productive
lines."



K's critique of liberal feminism -✔✔-"for the majority of women of the proletariat (working-class), equal
rights with men would mean only an equal share inequality, but for the 'chosen few', for the bourgeois
(ruling-class) women, it would indeed open doors to new and unprecedented rights and privileges that
until now have been enjoyed by men of the bourgeois class alone."



Without a revolution -✔✔...each new concession won by the bourgeois woman would give her yet
another weapon for the exploitation of her younger sister (working-class women) and would go on
increasing the division between the women of the two opposite social camps." (Alexandra Killontai)



Socialist Feminism -✔✔"A woman can posses equal rights and be truly free only in a world of socialized
labor, of harmony, and justice."

-Mapping the Margins (Kimberle Crenshaw)

-Main argument: the concept of a generalized 'essential' gender identity does not address differences
among women based on race or culture

-Proposed method: recognize intersectional identities to understand the complexity of belonging
simultaneously to several groups



Modes of Oppression -✔✔-Do not operate independently of one another

-they intersect to form an interlocking matrix oppression



Crenshaw on Identity Politics -✔✔-Mainstream liberal discourse regards race, gender, and other
identity categorizes as negative frameworks

-Liberal discourse prefers "color -blind" or "gender neutral"

-Can't we all just be people? Why do you have to focus on being (a woman, a black person, a queer
youth, etc.)



Axes of Differences (Intersectionality) -✔✔-Systems of Privilege and Domination

, -Class

-Gender

-Race

-Identities

-Racial Identity

-Gender Identity

-Class Identity



Identity and Social Power -✔✔-Identity-based politics can be a source of strength, community, and
solidarity

-Delineating difference can be the power of domination but also can be the source of social
empowerment and reconstruction



Crenshaw's critique -✔✔-Identity politics "frequently conflates or ignores intragroup differences."

-Ignoring differences within groups contributes to tension among groups

Evidence: two cases illustrating the multiple dimensions of violence against women of color



Crenshaw's critique

Case One: Battered Women's Shelters in Minority Communities -✔✔-Who are the clients?

-Unemployed or underemployed

-Low or no income

-Childcare responsibilities

-Lacking educational or job skills

-May be non-English speaking

-May be undocumented

-Predominantly women of color

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