Blood circulation and vascular system in man

what is composition of human blood?

Answer: It has four main components: plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Blood has many different functions, including: transporting oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and tissues. forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss. carrying cells and antibodies that fight infection.

what is physiology of blood?

Answer: Blood has three general functions: Transportation: e.g., oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, and hormones; Regulation: e.g., pH, temperature, and osmotic pressures; and. Protection: e.g., against foreign molecules and diseases, as well as for clotting to prevent excessive loss of blood.

what is physiology of heart?

Answer: The heart functions as a pump and acts as a double pump in the cardiovascular system to provide a continuous circulation of blood throughout the body. This circulation includes the systemic circulation and the pulmonary circulation. Both circuits transport blood but they can also be seen in terms of the gases they carry. The pulmonary circulation collects oxygen from the lungs and delivers carbon dioxide for exhalation. The systemic circuit transports oxygen to the body and returns relatively de-oxygenated blood and carbon dioxide to the pulmonary circuit. Blood flows through the heart in one direction, from the atria to the ventricles, and out through the pulmonary artery into the pulmonary circulation, and the aorta into the systemic circulation. The pulmonary artery (also trunk) branches into the left and right pulmonary arteries to supply each lung. Blood is prevented from flowing backwards (regurgitation) by the tricuspid, bicuspid, aortic, and pulmonary valves.

what is composition of human palsma?

Answer: Plasma contains 91% to 92% of water and 8% to 9% of solids. It mainly comprises of: Coagulants, mainly fibrinogen, aid in blood clotting. Plasma proteins, such as albumin and globulin, that help maintain the colloidal osmotic pressure at about 25 mmHg.

what is blood pressure?

Answer: Blood pressure is the pressure of blood pushing against the walls of your arteries. Arteries carry blood from your heart to other parts of your body. Your blood pressure normally rises and falls throughout the day.

Effect of high blood pressure during pregnancy?

Answer: Some women have high blood pressure during pregnancy. This can put the mother and her baby at risk for problems during the pregnancy. High blood pressure can also cause problems during and after delivery. The good news is that high blood pressure is preventable and treatable. High blood pressure, also called hypertension, is very common. In the United States, high blood pressure happens in 1 in every 12 to 17 pregnancies among women ages 20 to 44.3 High blood pressure in pregnancy has become more common. However, with good blood pressure control, you and your baby are more likely to stay healthy. The most important thing to do is talk with your health care team about any blood pressure problems so you can get the right treatment and control your blood pressure—before you get pregnant. Getting treatment for high blood pressure is important before, during, and after pregnancy.

what are bionanocomposites?

Answer: The word “green” refers to those materials that are “renewable” as well as “biodegradable” and thus can be exploited for issues related to the environment and sustainability. Bionanocomposites are an important class of hybrid materials, comprised of biopolymers and inorganic solids. They exhibit at least one dimension on the nanometer scale. Such biodegradable materials prove to be invaluable gifts to present and future generations thanks to modern science and technology. Natural polymers, which are preferred from an environmental standpoint, including starch, poly-lactic acid (PLA), cellulose acetate, etc. have been widely used in the past few years. Optically transparent plasticized PLA-based bionanocomposite films have been utilized for packaging in the food industry. Artificial bone tissue scaffolds based on natural hybrids of cellulose acetate (CA) and nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HA) have been used to study in vitro bone regeneration. However, the search for and development of new and economical materials for greener requirements has been a dynamic process.

what is application of bionanocomposites?

Answer: Bionanocomposites are known to be potential materials for biomedical applications (wound healing, tissue engineering, burn dressing, fillers for bone, antimicrobial agents, treatment of fungal infections, and drug delivery systems) and have a very bright future in the biomedical field. We have tried to capture some of the recent advancements made by scientists in the field of bionanocomposites for biomedical applications.

sources of bionanocomposites

Answer: The nanomaterials used to produce those bionanocomposites are mainly nanoclays, carbon nanotubes, nanocellulose, metal, and metal oxide nanoparticles with different particle sizes and shapes, and particular structural and functional properties.

Role of bionanocomposites in drug delivery?

Answer: A controlled drug delivery system is highly desired in modern therapeutics. In this regard, nanotechnology plays a crucial role in covering adverse effects associated with chemotherapeutic agents, in terms of higher targeting ability, prolonged circulation half-life, and it exhibits higher biocompatibility features. Bionanocomposites are nanoscale materials composed of biopolymers that enhance nanomedicine efficacy by entrapping higher concentrations of drugs and excellent targeting ability. This chapter highlights various procedures and types of bionanocomposites employed in the drug delivery system and their applications in the biomedical realm.

what is importance of bionanocomposites?

Answer: A novel bionanocomposite prepared by a direct mixing of bacterial cells of Gluconobacter oxydans and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was applied for preparation of a mediated microbial bioanode for ethanol (EtOH) oxidation. The sensitivity of (162 ± 3) μA mM− 1 cm− 2 achieved is the highest among microbial based biosensor devices for EtOH oxidation published to date. Further, high performance of the oxidation process can be underlined by a short response time and a maximal current density of (261 ± 4) μA cm− 2. Currently, the scientific community is devoting considerable attention to developing environment-friendly polymeric materials (bionanocomposite) due to their nontoxic, nonallergenic, biodegradable, and biocompatible nature. Numerous processing technologies have been announced by researchers to overcome the shortcomings of biopolymers. In recent years, scientific researchers have been trying to develop new processing technology that can be adopted in both industrial and academic sectors. Furthermore, they have the target that the processing methods for the synthesis of bionanocomposite materials should have various advantages like safe nature, time-efficient, eco-friendly, easy to operate, sustainable, low cost with excellent mechanical and physical properties, and good environmental impact. New more advanced manufacturing methods and techniques have been introduced. The purpose of this research, development, and advancement is to produce bionanocomposites from the pilot scale to the industrial level. Simply, we can say that different bionanocomposites are prepared by various ways because the processing methods have an effect on the properties of bionanocomposites. So, our main focus is to provide an overview of the processing methods or techniques of bionanocomposites that have been widely adopted.