PCOL 838 TOP COMPILED POSSIBLE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2024
Where are the adrenal glands located? (10/18) - Adrenal glands are located at superior pole of each kidney What does the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla secrete? (10/18) - The adrenal cortex secretes DHEA, mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosteron) and glucocorticoids (eg, cortisol). The adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines (eg, epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine). What are 5 of the major disorders of the adrenal cortex? (10/18) - 1. Hypercortisolism (Cushing syndrome) 2. Adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease) 3. Hyperaldosteronism (Aldosteronism) 4. Hypoaldosteronism 5. Androgen Excess- very rare (do not worry about) What are the layers of the adrenal cortex? (10/18) - capsule (protective layer) zona glomerulosa (10%) zona fasciculata (80%) zona reticularis (10%) Which hormones are secreted by each layer of the adrenal cortex? What is the regulatory control of each of these secretions? (10/18) - zona glomerulosa: aldosterone (mineralcorticoid), renin-angiotensin regulation zona fasciculata: cortisol (glucocorticoid), ACTH regulation zona reticularis: DHEAs (androgen), ACTH regulation What is the common substrate of the hormones synthesized in the adrenal cortex? (10/18) - cholesterol Enzyme 21 is an important enzyme in the synthesis of aldosterone and cortisol in the adrenal cortex. What happens when patients have a mutation in this enzyme? (10/18) - some patients have a mutation in enzyme 21, so the intermediate, pregnenolone goes to produce more androgens which leads to androgen overexpression Cortisol circulates in a bound state. What does it bind to? (10/18) - Both cortisol and corticosterone are secreted in an unbound state but circulate in a bound state to corticosteroidbinding globulin (CBG) (or transcortin) (~80%) and to albumin (~10%) to a lesser extent What do aldosterone and DHEA bind to in circulation? How are they different from cortisol? (10/18) - *Aldosterone: bound to albumin (60%) and transcortin (10%). *Dehydroepiandrosterone: bound to albumin (50%) and transcortin (17%) cortisol binds mostly to transcortin (80%) What three roles are proposed for steroid-binding proteins? (10/18) - • Distribute and deliver the hormones to target tissues • Hormone bound to CBG are protected from metabolism and inactivation • Assist in maintaining a level of hormones in circulation during episodic secretion by the gland. Where is the pancreas located? (10/25) - The pancreas is a large gland behind the stomach and next to the small intestine. What are the 2 main functions of the pancreas? Which function is endocrine and which is exocrine? (10/25) - 1) It releases powerful digestive enzymes into the small intestine to aid the digestion of food (Exocrine Function). 2) It releases the hormones insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to help the body control how it uses food for energy (Endocrine Function). What are 4 exocrine pancreatic disorders? (10/25) - Exocrine Pancreatic Disorders
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