Deze samenvatting is een combinatie tussen notities uit de hoorcolleges en de PowerPoints. De samenvatting zorgde ervoor dat ik geslaagd was in eerste zit voor het vak micro-economie.
1. Ten principles of economics .................................................................................................................... 6
2. The market forces of supply and demand (H3) ........................................................................................ 8
De markt en marktvormen .................................................................................................................................. 8
De marktwerking ............................................................................................................................................ 8
Marktmacht .................................................................................................................................................... 9
De vraag .............................................................................................................................................................. 9
De individuele vraag ..................................................................................................................................... 10
De marktvraag .............................................................................................................................................. 10
Het aanbod ....................................................................................................................................................... 12
Het individuele aanbod ................................................................................................................................ 12
Het marktaanbod.......................................................................................................................................... 13
Marktevenwicht ................................................................................................................................................ 15
Onevenwicht: surplus ........................................................................................................................................ 15
WPO: extra nuttig informatie ........................................................................................................................... 15
Elasticiteit van de vraag .................................................................................................................................... 17
Prijselasticiteit van de vraag ......................................................................................................................... 17
Inkomens-elasticiteit van de vraag ............................................................................................................... 23
Kruisprijs-elasticiteit van de vraag ................................................................................................................ 24
Elasticiteit van het aanbod................................................................................................................................ 24
3. Background to DEMAND: the theory of consumer choice (H5) .............................................................. 26
Het standaard economische model................................................................................................................... 26
Gedrag consument ....................................................................................................................................... 26
De budgetbeperking – “kan” ............................................................................................................................. 27
Budgetrechte & beperking ........................................................................................................................... 27
Opportuniteitkost ......................................................................................................................................... 27
Herhaling ...................................................................................................................................................... 28
Verandering in inkomen ............................................................................................................................... 28
Verandering in de prijs ................................................................................................................................. 29
De voorkeuren – ‘wil’ ........................................................................................................................................ 29
Axioma’s ....................................................................................................................................................... 29
Indifferentiecurves of ic ................................................................................................................................ 30
indifferentiecurves: bijzondere gevallen ...................................................................................................... 31
Nut en marginaal nut .................................................................................................................................... 31
Keuze (optimalisatie) – ‘doe’ ............................................................................................................................. 32
VEranderingen in inkomen ................................................................................................................................ 33
Inkomens-offercurve .................................................................................................................................... 33
Engelcurve .................................................................................................................................................... 34
Veranderingen in prijs ....................................................................................................................................... 34
Prijs-offer-curve ............................................................................................................................................ 34
inkomens- en substitutie-effect ................................................................................................................... 34
4.Background to SUPPLY: firms in competitive markets (H6) ......................................................................... 35
Productie en kosten........................................................................................................................................... 35
Productie op Korte termijn ........................................................................................................................... 36
Kosten ........................................................................................................................................................... 36
Totale opbrengsten (TR).................................................................................................................................... 41
Totale, gemiddelde en marginale opbrengsten............................................................................................ 41
(Maximale) winst .............................................................................................................................................. 41
Is je winst goed of niet ? ............................................................................................................................... 43
Individuele aanbodcurve en marktaanbod ....................................................................................................... 44
Op korte termijn ........................................................................................................................................... 44
Op lange termijn ........................................................................................................................................... 44
Markt-aanbod ................................................................................................................................................... 45
Een verschuiving van de VRAAG: KT & LT.......................................................................................................... 45
5. Firm’s production decisions (H13) ......................................................................................................... 46
De isoquant ....................................................................................................................................................... 46
Totale productie (Q) als functie van L & K: lange termijn ............................................................................. 47
De marginale transformatievoet .................................................................................................................. 47
Iso-kost .............................................................................................................................................................. 48
Isokost curves ............................................................................................................................................... 48
Keuze (optimalisatie) ........................................................................................................................................ 48
Producent minimaliseert de kosten ............................................................................................................. 48
Producent maximaliseert productie ............................................................................................................. 49
Evenwicht ..................................................................................................................................................... 49
6. Consumers, producers & the efficiency of markets (H7) ........................................................................ 50
Illustratie Prisoner’s DILEMMA: 2 studenten die al dan niet samenwerken (zie dia)................................... 74
11. Interdependence and the gains from trade (H19) ............................................................................. 75
Productiemogelijkheden-curve (PPF) ................................................................................................................ 75
Productiefunctie ........................................................................................................................................... 75
Productiemogelijkhedencurve...................................................................................................................... 76
Opportuniteitstkost & vorm PPF .................................................................................................................. 76
Verschuiving van de PPF ............................................................................................................................... 77
HAndel............................................................................................................................................................... 77
Wel handel voeren ....................................................................................................................................... 77
Geen handel voeren ..................................................................................................................................... 78
Specialisatie & handel................................................................................................................................... 78
Eén van beiden is productiever in “alles” ..................................................................................................... 79
(Gedeeltelijke) Specialisatie & handel .......................................................................................................... 79
Absoluut en comparatief kostenvoordeel ......................................................................................................... 80
Comparatief kostenvoordeel en “gains from trade” .................................................................................... 81
Grafisch ......................................................................................................................................................... 82
Determinanten van (internationale) handel ..................................................................................................... 83
winnaars en verliezers bij internationale handel .............................................................................................. 84
Winnaars en verliezers in geval van export .................................................................................................. 84
Winnaars en verliezers in geval van import.................................................................................................. 85
12. Public goods, common resources and merit goods (H10) .................................................................. 86
Soorten goederen .............................................................................................................................................. 86
Public goods ...................................................................................................................................................... 88
Free ride probleem ....................................................................................................................................... 88
Gemeenschappelijke hulpbronnen (common recources): ................................................................................. 88
Oplossingen voor de uitputting van de gemeenschappelijke hulpbronnen ................................................. 88
Merit goods (verdienstegoederen) .................................................................................................................... 89
Demerit goods .............................................................................................................................................. 89
13. Externalities (ongewilde effecten) and market failure (H11) ............................................................. 90
Exterene effecten .............................................................................................................................................. 90
Definities....................................................................................................................................................... 90
Marktefficiëntie ................................................................................................................................................ 91
Externe kost .................................................................................................................................................. 91
Private oplossingen voor externe effecten ........................................................................................................ 93
Publieke oplossingen voor externe effecten ...................................................................................................... 93
Optimaal niveau van vervuiling .................................................................................................................... 93
Mogelijke publieke oplossingen ................................................................................................................... 95
14. Asymmetrische informatie en behavioural economics (H12) ............................................................ 97
Definitie economie: er is geen einde aan wat we zouden willen, maar onze middelen zijn beperkt in
kapitaal (K), arbeid (L), natuur (N)… Daardoor zijn we verplicht om keuzes te maken. Deze zijn: wat
produceren? Hoe produceren? Voor wie produceren?
Economie gaat over keuzes maken omdat de behoefte oneindig zijn (we willen altijd meer en meer),
maar de behoefte/middelen zijn beperkt.
Defintie Micro-economie: bestudeert manier waarop huishoudens en bedrijven beslissingen nemen
en hoe ze in specifieke markten met elkaar omgaan. Micro-economie als manier van denken omtrent
individueel menselijk gedrag in het algemeen. Uitgangspunt: mensen zijn rationeel.
Definitie Maco-economie: bestudeert fenomenen die de gehele economie bestrijken. Macro-
economie als studie van macro-economische werkelijkheid. Bijvoorbeeld inflatie, economische groei,
werkloosheid…
Met andere woorden onderzoekt economie:
- Hoe mensen beslissingen nemen
- Hoe mensen interageren met elkaar
- Hoe ze in specifieke markten met elkaar omgaan
ð Dit is micro-economie
- Invloeden op economie als geheel
ð Dit is macro-economie
10 principes:
Principe 1: Mensen moeten keuzes maken
Principe 2: De kosten van iets worden bepaald door datgene wat we opgeven om het te krijgen
Principe 3: Rationele mensen denken in de marge
Principe 4: Mensen reageren op prikkels
ð Dit is hoe mensen beslissingen nemen (micro)
Principe 5: Handel kan in ieders belang zijn
Principe 6: Markten zijn vaak een goede manier om economische activiteiten te organiseren
Principe 7: Overheden kunnen de resultaten van de markt soms verbeteren
ð Dit is hoe mensen met elkaar interageren (micro)
Principe 8: De levensstandaard van een land hangt af van de mate waarin het land producten en
diensten kan produceren
Principe 9: Prijzen stijgen als de overheid te veel geld drukt
Principe 10: De samenleving staat voor een afweging op korte termijn tussen inflatie en
werkloosheid
ð Invloeden op economie als geheel (macro)
6
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