NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology Critical Questions with Correct Solutions 2023/2024

NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology Critical Questions with Correct Solutions 2023/2024 Ovarian cancer site of metastasis? - correct answer Peritoneal surfaces, omentum (fold of peritoneum connecting the stomach with other abdominal organs), *liver* The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes: - correct answer 1. Pyruvate -- lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis 2. Oxaloacetate -- malate. This prevents gluconeogenesis and leads to hypoglycemia 3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate -- glycerol 3- phosphate and combines with fatty acids to form triglycerides in the liver, known as hepatosteatosis 4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and leads to using Acetyl-CoA for ketogenesis and lipogenesis What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? - correct answer Heart disease, Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein synthesis*, chromatin destruction, damage mitochondria What is the body's defense against ROS? - correct answer Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin) How are free radicals produced? - correct answer 1. Normal cellular respiration 2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light) 3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides 4. Transition of metals 5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical action potential - correct answer Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron -- the neuron depolarizes -- then repolarizes Threshold potential - correct answer Point at which depolarization must reach in order to initiate an action potential Hypokalemia and action potentials - correct answer HYPERpolarized (more negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias Hyperkalemia and action potentials - correct answer HYPOpolarized (more positive, ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves. When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac standstill, paresthesia, paralysis Hypocalcemia and action potentials - correct answer Increased permeability to Na+. More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias. Hypercalcemia and action potentials - correct answer Decreased permeability to Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T waves Atrophy - correct answer Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the cell has decreased in size, it has now compensated for decreased blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has achieved new homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished function and may lead to cellular death.