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Samenvatting MSK5 theorie

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Samenvatting van de powerpoints, aanvullingen en nota's gemaakt tijdens de les.

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  • July 22, 2018
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Musculoskeletale kinesitherapie 5
INFO EXAMEN:
- BINNEN de kader antwoorden!
- Vaak vragen met meerdere onderdelen (subvragen) -> antwoord op alle delen!!
=> Argumenteer indien gevraagd !
=> onderzoeksdoelstellingen en -middelen -> wat ga je testen en hoe (welke testen)?
- Casus
 Wat we gezien hebben moet je ku toepassen => het zijn eigenlijk je argumenten.




1

,Inhoud
1. Inleiding .................................................................................................................................................................................. 6
1.1 Klachten bovenste kwadrant ........................................................................................................................................... 6
1.2 Diagnostisch proces ......................................................................................................................................................... 6
1.2.1 Diagnostisch proces ≠ screening .............................................................................................................................. 6
1.2.2 Specifieke vs aspecifieke klachten ........................................................................................................................... 7
2. Klachten Arm – Nek – Schouder (KANS) ................................................................................................................................. 8
2.1 Inleiding ........................................................................................................................................................................... 8
2.2 Omvang van het probleem .............................................................................................................................................. 8
2.2.1 Prevalentie ............................................................................................................................................................... 8
2.2.2 Impact ...................................................................................................................................................................... 8
2.3 Risicopopulaties en -factoren .......................................................................................................................................... 9
2.3.1 Risicopopulaties ....................................................................................................................................................... 9
2.3.2 Risicofactoren .......................................................................................................................................................... 9
2.4 Prognose en beloop ....................................................................................................................................................... 10
2.4.1 Prognostische factoren .......................................................................................................................................... 10
2.5 Oorzaak? ........................................................................................................................................................................ 11
2.6 Diagnostisch proces KANS ............................................................................................................................................. 11
2.6.1 Inventarisatie hulpvraag + screening ..................................................................................................................... 11
2.6.2 Anamnese .............................................................................................................................................................. 11
2.6.3 Lichamelijk onderzoek (KO) ................................................................................................................................... 13
2.6.4 Analyse in ICF-termen ............................................................................................................................................ 14
2.7 Patiëntenprofielen ......................................................................................................................................................... 14
2.8 Behandeling (therapeutisch proces) .............................................................................................................................. 15
2.8.1 Informeren en adviseren ....................................................................................................................................... 15
2.8.2 Patiëntenprofiel I ................................................................................................................................................... 16
2.8.3 Patiëntenprofiel II .................................................................................................................................................. 16
2.8.4 Patiëntenprofiel III ................................................................................................................................................. 16
2.9 Oefening; CASUS............................................................................................................................................................ 17
2.9.1 Casus 1 ................................................................................................................................................................... 17
2.9.2 Casus 2 ................................................................................................................................................................... 17
2.9.3 Casus 3 ................................................................................................................................................................... 18
3. Schouder .............................................................................................................................................................................. 19
3.0 Introductie ..................................................................................................................................................................... 19
3.1 Rotator cuff tendinopathie ............................................................................................................................................ 22
3.1.1 Impingement syndroom ........................................................................................................................................ 23
Onderzoek ................................................................................................................................................................. 23
Terminologie .............................................................................................................................................................. 27
Behandeling ............................................................................................................................................................... 27
3.1.2 Conservatieve en postoperatieve behandeling van rotatorcuff pathologie .......................................................... 28
Kinesitherapie post-op artroscopische RC-hechting .................................................................................................. 29



2

, 3.1.3 operatieve ingrepen bij rotator cuff ...................................................................................................................... 31
3.2 Frozen shoulder ............................................................................................................................................................. 32
Pathologie .................................................................................................................................................................. 32
Onderzoek ................................................................................................................................................................. 35
Behandeling ............................................................................................................................................................... 35
3.3 Schouderarthroplastie ................................................................................................................................................... 37
Indicaties voor SA ...................................................................................................................................................... 37
Evidence based practice na SA................................................................................................................................... 37
Symptomen van gevorderde glenohumerale gewrichtsartrose ................................................................................ 37
Beeldvorming ............................................................................................................................................................. 38
Redenen SA ................................................................................................................................................................ 38
Arthroplastie mogelijkheden ..................................................................................................................................... 38
Leeftijdsgebonden veranderingen ............................................................................................................................. 39
Operatieve ingreep .................................................................................................................................................... 39
Algemene regels revalidatie na (r)(T)SA .................................................................................................................... 40
3.4 Schouderinstabiliteit...................................................................................................................................................... 43
3.4.1 Inleiding ................................................................................................................................................................. 43
3.4.2 Functionele anatomie ............................................................................................................................................ 43
Beenderige kenmerken .............................................................................................................................................. 43
Stabiliteit vh schoudergewricht ................................................................................................................................. 44
3.4.3 Diagnose ................................................................................................................................................................ 46
Arthroscopie .............................................................................................................................................................. 46
Klinisch onderzoek ..................................................................................................................................................... 47
Beeldvorming ............................................................................................................................................................. 48
3.4.3 Recurrente anterieure instabiliteit ........................................................................................................................ 49
3.5 AC dislocaties ................................................................................................................................................................. 54
4. Elleboog ................................................................................................................................................................................ 55
4.1 Epicondylitis lateralis ..................................................................................................................................................... 55
4.1.1 Inleiding ................................................................................................................................................................. 55
4.1.2 Wat? ...................................................................................................................................................................... 55
4.1.3 Oorzaak .................................................................................................................................................................. 55
4.1.4 Typische symptomen ............................................................................................................................................. 55
4.1.5 Behandeling ........................................................................................................................................................... 55
Effectiviteit vd behandeling? ..................................................................................................................................... 56
4.1.6 Prognose ................................................................................................................................................................ 60
5. Pols en hand ......................................................................................................................................................................... 61
5.1 Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................................................... 61
5.2 Degeneratieve aandoeningen ....................................................................................................................................... 63
5.2.1 Traumatische artritis .............................................................................................................................................. 63
Symptomen................................................................................................................................................................ 63
Oorzaak ...................................................................................................................................................................... 63



3

, Behandeling ............................................................................................................................................................... 64
5.2.2 Niet-traumatische artritis ...................................................................................................................................... 64
Behandeling ............................................................................................................................................................... 64
5.2.3 Artrose ................................................................................................................................................................... 65
Behandeling ............................................................................................................................................................... 65
5.3 Traumatische gewrichtsaandoeningen .......................................................................................................................... 65
5.3.1 Fracturen ............................................................................................................................................................... 65
Behandeling algemeen .............................................................................................................................................. 65
Distale radius fracturen ............................................................................................................................................. 66
Vingerfracturen .......................................................................................................................................................... 66
Carpalea ..................................................................................................................................................................... 66
5.3.2 Contusie / Instabiliteit vd pols ............................................................................................................................... 67
Dorsaal intercarpaal (DIC) .......................................................................................................................................... 67
Radiaal en ulnair collateraal ligament ........................................................................................................................ 68
Chronische polsklachten tgv instabiliteit ................................................................................................................... 68
5.4 Musculo-tendinogene aandoeningen ............................................................................................................................ 69
ALGEMEEN: ................................................................................................................................................................ 69
5.4.1 De Quervain ........................................................................................................................................................... 70
Wat? .......................................................................................................................................................................... 70
Verklaring vd symptomen .......................................................................................................................................... 70
Mechanisme achter de pathologie ............................................................................................................................ 70
5.4.2 FCR insertietendinopathie ..................................................................................................................................... 71
Verklaring vd symptomen .......................................................................................................................................... 71
Mechanisme achter de pathologie ............................................................................................................................ 71
Duur ........................................................................................................................................................................... 71
Behandeling ............................................................................................................................................................... 71
5.4.3 ECU tendinopathie ................................................................................................................................................. 71
Wat? .......................................................................................................................................................................... 71
CONCLUSIE .......................................................................................................................................................................... 71
5.4 Neurogene pathologie ................................................................................................................................................... 72
5.4.1 Carpaal Tunnel Syndroom...................................................................................................................................... 72
Wat? .......................................................................................................................................................................... 72
Verklaring vd symptomen .......................................................................................................................................... 72
Mechanisme achter de pathologie ............................................................................................................................ 72
ALGEMEEN BESLUIT............................................................................................................................................................. 72
6. Thoracaal en Cervicaal: Biomechanica – Artrokinematica ................................................................................................... 73
6.1 Thoracaal ....................................................................................................................................................................... 74
6.1.1 Specifieke kenmerken en functie ........................................................................................................................... 74
Kenmerken................................................................................................................................................................. 74
Mobiliteit ................................................................................................................................................................... 76
Conclusie .................................................................................................................................................................... 77



4

, 6.1.2 Interdependentie TWK en bovenste lidmaat ......................................................................................................... 77
6.2 Cervico-thoracale overgang (CTO) ................................................................................................................................. 77
6.3 Cervicaal ........................................................................................................................................................................ 78
6.3.1 Specifieke kenmerken en functie ........................................................................................................................... 78
6.3.2 Onderverdeling CWK ............................................................................................................................................. 78
Mid/laag cervicaal ...................................................................................................................................................... 78
Hoog cervicaal (C0-C2) ............................................................................................................................................... 82
7. Nekklachten.......................................................................................................................................................................... 84
7.1 Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................................................... 84
7.1.1 Definitie ................................................................................................................................................................. 84
7.1.2 Epidemiologie ........................................................................................................................................................ 84
7.1.3 Risicofactoren en prognostische factoren ............................................................................................................. 85
7.1.4 Nekklachten en ICF ................................................................................................................................................ 86
7.1.5 Natuurlijk beloop van nekklachten? ...................................................................................................................... 86
7.1.6 Classificatie ............................................................................................................................................................ 87
7.2 Methodologisch handelen: onderzoek .......................................................................................................................... 88
7.2.1 Screening en rode vlaggen ..................................................................................................................................... 88
7.2.2 Anamnese .............................................................................................................................................................. 89
7.2.3 Functieonderzoek .................................................................................................................................................. 90
7.3 Klinisch onderzoek en behandeling nekklachten graad II .............................................................................................. 91
7.3.1 Klinisch onderzoek ................................................................................................................................................. 91
Houding ..................................................................................................................................................................... 91
Mobiliteit ................................................................................................................................................................... 92
PASSIEF ONDERZOEK ................................................................................................................................................. 93
Spierfuncties .............................................................................................................................................................. 96
7.3.2 Behandeling graad II .............................................................................................................................................. 98
7.4 Klinisch onderzoek en behandeling nekklachten met uitstraling (graad II-III) ............................................................. 105
7.4.1 Cervicoradiculair syndroom ................................................................................................................................. 105
Wat? ........................................................................................................................................................................ 105
Symptomen.............................................................................................................................................................. 105
Oorzaken.................................................................................................................................................................. 106
Tekenen? ................................................................................................................................................................. 107
Diagnose .................................................................................................................................................................. 107
Testing ..................................................................................................................................................................... 108
Behandeling ............................................................................................................................................................. 110
7.4.2 Referred pain ....................................................................................................................................................... 111
Behandeling ............................................................................................................................................................. 111
7.4.3 Armpijn ................................................................................................................................................................ 111
7.4.4 Outcome assessments ......................................................................................................................................... 112
Keuze instrument ? .................................................................................................................................................. 112
Voorbeelden voor de nek: Ziektespecifieke vragenlijsten ....................................................................................... 112



5

,1. Inleiding
1.1 Klachten bovenste kwadrant
Voorbeelden:
- Epicondylitis lateralis (tenniselleboog)
- Impingement schouder
- Frozen shoulder
- Carpaaltunnel syndroom (n. medianus thv pols)
- (artrose)
- …
Opm.: medische beeldvorming ~ klachten
Opm.: Vaak werkgerelateerd => Strain Repetitive Injuries (SRI)
KANS-richtlijn
 Bij ASPECIFIEKE klachten (oorzaak niet duidelijk)
 Klachten Arm – Nek – Schouder
Definitie
= Regelmatige of langdurige klachten in de nek, schouder, arm, elleboog of pols/hand in de afgelopen
12 maanden geheel of gedeeltelijk veroorzaakt door het werk.

1.2 Diagnostisch proces
1.2.1 Diagnostisch proces ≠ screening
Screening
 Rode vlaggen (KENNEN!! => rode vlaggen missen = GEBUISD!!)
= Symptomen die wijzen op mog. ernstige onderliggende pathologie, waarvoor de P dient w~
te geadviseerd ctc op te nemen met de huisarts
1. Algemene malaise
2. Ongewild gewichtsverlies
Opm.: Bv.: tumoraal proces -> vergt energie vh lichaam
3. Koorts
4. Nachtzweten
5. ‘Non mechanic’ pijn (pijn niet beïnvloedbaar door houding en beweging)
Opm.: Zowel provocatie als reductie
6. Neuropathische pijn
7. Neurologische symptomen (krachtsverlies, geïsoleerde atrofie, radiculaire
uitvalsverschijnselen)
8. Recent trauma
Opm.: Afwegen -> Bv.: je raakt P aan en hij schreeuwt het uit -> rode vlag
9. Tekenen v/e ontstekingsproces
Opm.: Patroonherkenning! -> Bv.: post-traumatische artritis bij kneuzing (KP)
Opm.: Een aantal symptomen duidt mog. op (soms ernstige) onderliggende pathologie, zoals:
 Reumatische ziekten (Reumatoïde artritis, Ziekte van Bechterew of
okselklierpathologie)
 Maligniteiten (tumor, metastasen)
 Cardiale aandoeningen (bv.: angina pectoris) en diafragmaprikkeling (bv.: tgv
aandoeningen van lever, galblaas of longen)

Opm.: Er zijn rode vlaggen die urgent zijn voor therapie en die er zijn voor doorverwijzing.

 Is er een logisch geheel?
 Pluis / niet-pluis

6

,Opmerkingen:
- Hoofd-hals => mog. uitstralingen van inwendige klachten
Vbn.: Slokdarmproblemen, diafragmaprikkeling, cardiale aandoeningen
- Voorgeschiedenis van maligniteit = rode vlag
MAAR… komt jammer genoeg vaak voor
=> Kijk naar het geheel vd klachten, naar het verloop => AFWEGEN

1.2.2 Specifieke vs aspecifieke klachten
Specifieke klachten
 Oorzaak gekend
 Objectiveerbaar
 Beschreven volgens pathofysiologische termen en hangen samen met weefselbeschadiging
van specifieke anatomische structuren
 Bv.: Fractuur ulna en distale radius

Aspecifieke klachten
 Symptomen zonder specifieke oorzaak
 KANS-richtlijn

Opm.: Volgens KANS-richtlijn zijn de volgende aandoeningen specifiek:
Bicepstendinose, bursitiden i/d elleboogregio, carpale-, radiale- en cubitaletunnelsyndroom,
ziekte van Dupuytren, epicondylitis lateralis en medialis cubiti, frozen shoulder, Guyon
kanaalsundroom, instabiliteit vd schouder en de elleboog, scheur i/h labrum glenoidale, lokale
artritis, Oarsman’s wrist, fenomeen van Raynaud, RC-scheuren, subacromiaal
impingementsyndroom, dystrofie van Sudecks, supracapsulaire compressie, triggerfinger en de
ziekte van De Quervain.
Alle overige aandoeningen zijn aspecifiek.




7

,2. Klachten Arm – Nek – Schouder (KANS)
Zie bijlage KANS-richtlijn

2.1 Inleiding
KANS-richtlijn
 Aspecifieke klachten!!!
 Vaak aangeduid als Repetitive Strain Injuries (SRI)

!! Opgelet voor:
- Rode vlaggen (zie supra)
- Andere P die uitgesloten worden van behandeling volgens de KANS-richtlijn:
 Aandoeningen die niet geprovoceerd w~ door houding en beweging
 Aandoeningen die te diagnosticeren zijn met objectieve tests -> immers specifieke
klachten (Vbn.: Neuropathieën, Ziekte van Dupuytren, cervicale hernia nuclei pulposi,
systemische aandoeningen)
 Complex regionaal pijnsyndroom type 1
 Aandoeningen die in eerste instantie om niet-fysiotherapeutische maatregelen
vragen, Bv.: hand-armvibratiesyndroom en focale dystonie vd hand.

2.2 Omvang van het probleem
2.2.1 Prevalentie
- Beroepspopulatie:
 In 2000: 26%
 In 2002: 28%
Opm.: RSI gedefinieerd als “Regelmatige of langdurige klachten in de nek, schouder, arm,
elleboog of pols/hand in de afgelopen 12 maanden geheel of gedeeltelijk veroorzaakt door
het werk.”
- 1-jaar prevalentie varieert van 2,3% - 41%, afhankelijk vd gebruikte ‘definitie’.
- Puntprevalentie klachten >3mdn: 19% (NL)

2.2.2 Impact
- Stoornissen
 Pijn, stijfheid, tintelingen, voosheid, zwelling, verminderde coördinatie, kracht,
verkleuringen vd huid
- Pijn – Werk – Slaap
 Werkonbekwaam en ziekteverzuim, maar klacht vaak niet duidelijk van buitenaf en
daardoor vaak scheef bekeken
 Slaapstoornissen
- Psychologische aspecten van pijn en werk
- Beperking in activiteiten
- Participatieproblemen
 Productiviteit
 Absenteïsme
 Verlies van job
- Kosten
 2006 -> 2,1 miljard €
 2012 -> 11,2% van totale absenteïsme (gemiddeld 30d afwezig vh werk)
 Socio-economische impact



8

,2.3 Risicopopulaties en -factoren
2.3.1 Risicopopulaties
Top 3:
- Naaisters
- Secretaresses
- Productiepersoneel (inpakkers, lopendebandmedewerkers, …)
Opm.: Wat valt er op? => Repetitief en langdurig
=> Vrouwen
=> …
2.3.2 Risicofactoren
 Hoe groot is de kans dat je iets krijgt/hebt?
 Factoren die de kans op het ontstaan vh gezondheidsprobleem vergroten
1. Werkgerelateerde factoren
- Fysieke factoren
 Ergonomische inrichting vd werkplek
 Mechanische belasting
Concerete vbn:
 Verhoogde spierspanning
 Intensief en langdurig gebruik van toetsenbord en muis
 Een te geringe afstand (< 12 cm) tussen het toetsenbord en de bureaurand
 Een te kleine hoek (< 121°) vd binnenzijde vd elleboog bij gebruik vh toetsenbord
 Een te grote ulnaire abductie vd pols (< -5°)
 Het niet gebruiken v/e arm-pols‘support’
 …
- Psychosociale factoren
 Hoge taakeisen
 Mate van controle (weinig controlemogelijkheden)
 Sociale ondersteuning op de werkplek
 Arbeidstevredenheid (lage arbeidstevredenheid)
 Stress
 …
2. Persoonlijke (of individuele) factoren
- Geslacht (vrouwen)
- Leeftijd (hogere leeftijd)
- Eerdere symptomen
- Algemene conditie
- Mate van reactiviteit vh neuromusculaire systeem
- Omgaan met stress
- Manier van ‘coping’ met de aandoening
- …
Opmerking: Bepaalt adhv ODDS-RATIO
- Odds-ratio = 1 -> geen risico op
- Odds-ratio < 1 -> kans is afgenomen
- Odds-ratio > 1 -> kans is toegenomen
Opmerking: High risk work style
- Minder / geen pauzes
- Doorwerken met pijn
- Anticiperen op negatieve reacties collega’s
- Zichzelf hoge eisen opleggen

9

, 2.4 Prognose en beloop




2.4.1 Prognostische factoren
 Hoe gaat de klacht evolueren, als ze zich al voorgedaan heeft?
 Factoren die de kans op herstel vh gezondheidsprobleem beïnvloeden
Voorbeelden:
- Meer symptomen, beperkingen of ziekteverzuim op KT en LT (na 12mdn)
- Ernst en duur vd symptomen
- Gebrek aan controlemogelijkheden over het werk
- Stress
- Blootstelling aan mechanische risicofactoren, zoals duur, kracht en herhaling van activiteiten
met de arm
- Catastroferen
- Hogere pijnintensiteit bij aanvang
- Leeftijd
- Perceptie vd ernst vh probleem
- Fysieke en mentale gezondheid in het algemeen
- Stress
- Depressieve stemming
- Pijncognities / beliefs
- Bewegingsangst
- …

10

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