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Summary Cell is the smallest part of all organisms and it's act like a foundation upon every activity we done.so learn about cell make your foundation strong.$7.79
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Summary Cell is the smallest part of all organisms and it's act like a foundation upon every activity we done.so learn about cell make your foundation strong.
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Science
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Molecular Cell Biology (Fifth Edition)
“A cell is defined as the smallest, basic unit of life that is responsible for all of life's processes.” Cells are the structural, functional, and biological units of all living beings. A cell can replicate itself independently. Hence, they are known as the building blocks of life.So learn more...
AP Biology Cell Exam | Questions and Answers 2023/2024
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Cells are the basic structural and functional units of all living
organisms, including the human body. Here is a
comprehensive overview of cells and their functions:
Cell Structure:
Plasma Membrane: The outer boundary of the cell that separates it from its environment,
controlling the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
Cytoplasm: The jelly-like substance within the cell where organelles are suspended.
Nucleus: The central organelle that houses the cell's genetic material (DNA) and controls
cellular activities.
Organelles and Their Functions:
Mitochondria: Powerhouses of the cell, responsible for generating energy (ATP) through
cellular respiration.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
Rough ER: Involved in protein synthesis and transport.
Smooth ER: Synthesizes lipids and detoxifies harmful substances.
Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport within or
outside the cell.
Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis, either free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough
ER.
Lysosomes: Contain enzymes to digest and recycle cellular waste and foreign materials.
Cytoskeleton: Provides structural support, helps in cell movement, and facilitates
intracellular transport.
Centrioles: Aid in cell division (mitosis and meiosis) by organizing microtubules of the spindle
apparatus.
Vacuoles: Store water, ions, and nutrients; maintain turgor pressure in plant cells.
Chloroplasts (in plant cells): Site of photosynthesis, where sunlight is converted into chemical
energy (glucose).
, Cell Wall (in plant cells): Provides structural support and protection.
Functions of Cells:
Cellular Respiration: Cells use oxygen and nutrients to produce energy (ATP) through aerobic
respiration.
Synthesis of Biomolecules: Cells synthesize proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids
essential for cellular functions.
Cellular Transport: Cells regulate the movement of substances such as ions, nutrients, and
waste across the plasma membrane.
Cellular Communication: Cells communicate with each other through chemical signals to
coordinate physiological processes and respond to changes in the environment.
Reproduction: Cells reproduce to generate new cells for growth, repair, and replacement of
old or damaged cells.
Homeostasis: Cells maintain internal stability by regulating various parameters such as
temperature, pH, and osmotic balance.
Defense and Immunity: Certain cells, like white blood cells, play a crucial role in the body's
defense against pathogens and foreign invaders.
Specialized Functions: Different types of cells are specialized to perform specific functions in
tissues and organs, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, hormone
secretion, and nutrient absorption.
Overall, the coordinated activities of diverse cells contribute to the proper functioning of tissues, organs, and
organ systems within the human body, ensuring homeostasis and survival.
The discovery of the cell and its significance in human biology is credited to the work of several scientists over
centuries. Here's a brief overview:
Robert Hooke (1665): The English scientist Robert Hooke is often credited with the first
observation of cells. In his book "Micrographia," published in 1665, Hooke described and
illustrated cork cells, which he observed under a microscope. He coined the term "cell" to
describe the small compartments he saw, likening them to the cells of a monastery.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (Late 17th Century): The Dutch scientist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
made significant advancements in microscopy, observing single-celled microorganisms and
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