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NURS 487 WEEK 8 Midterm Exam 1 Latest 2024 Verified Exam with Answers |Guaranteed Pass
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NURS 487 WEEK 8 Midterm Exam 1 Latest 2024 Verified Exam with Answers |Guaranteed Pass
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Maryville NURS 611 patho exam 11. Apoptosis: A programmed cell death that is regulated or programmed.
Cellular self-destruction for elimination or unwanted cell populations
2. Necrosis: Rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle swelling,
mitochondria dysfunction
3. What is the #1 cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis (especially the
kidney and heart): hypoxia
4. What is the #1 cause of hypoxia?: ischemia
5. Main component of a cell: nucleus
6. What does the nucleus contain?: nucleolus
7. What is the nucleolus composed of?: RNA, most of cellular DNA, DNA
binding proteins, and histones
8. Why are histone important?: histones bind to DNA and fold it into
chromosomes
(chromatin) which is essential for cell division
9. What are ribosomes?: RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are
synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in
the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes (NPCs)
10. Where can ribosomes be found?: cytoplasm and rough ER
11. what are ribosomes chief function?: provides sits for cellular protein
synthesis 12. What is the Golgi apparatus (complex)?: a network of flatten,
smooth membranes and vesicles frequently located near the nucleus of the
cell
13. What does the Golgi apparatus do?: takes proteins from the ER and
processes/packages them into small membrane-bound vesicles called "secretory
vesicles, and refines and directs traffic in the cell
14. What are lysosomes and what do they do?: maintain cellular health by
removal of toxic cellular components, removal of useless organelles, termination
of signal transduction, and signals cellular adaption
15. How does aging affect lysosomes?: leads to progressive loss of lysosomal
efficiency which declines the regenerative capacity of organs and tissue
16. What functions do lysosomal components integrate?: nutrient
abundance, energy levels, and cell stressors and will translate them into
instructions that regulate cellular metabolism toward either proliferation or
inactivity
, Maryville NURS 611 patho exam 1
17. What is mitochondria responsible for?: cellular respiration, cellular
metabolism , and energy production
18. What does the inner membrane of mitochondria contain?: enzymes of
the respiratory chain and are essential to the process of oxidative phosphorylation
that generates most of the cell's ATP
19. The mitochondrial matrix contains what kind of pathways (1), involve
what two things (2), and metabolizes what three things (3)?: 1- metabolic
2- urea and heme synthesis
3- carbs, proteins, and lipids
20. What can accumulate intracellularly caused by stresses form metabolic
dearangements?: carbs, proteins, and lipids
21. What is physiologic atrophy?: occurs in early development. ex: thymus glad
during childhood
22. What is pathologic atrophy?: occurs as a result of decreases in workload,
use, pressure, blood supply, nutrition, and hormonal stimulation.
Ex: Shrinking of gonads in an adolescent pt in response to decreased hormonal
stimulation. and an pt immobilized in bed for a prolonged time
23. what is hypertrophy?: increase in cell size
24. Example of beneficial physiologic hypertrophy?: hypertrophy of
myocardial cells from endurance training
25. example of pathologic hypertrophy: cardiomegaly in a hypertensive patient
26. What is hyperplasia?: increase in the number of cells
27. example of compensatory hyperplasia?: regeneration of the liver
28. example of pathological hyperplasia: endometrial tissue
29. example of hormonal hyperplasia: enlargement of the uterus during
pregnancy
30. What is metaplasia?: replacement of the cells
31. example of metaplasia: normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the
bronchial lining being replaced by squamous cells. can be reversed if irritant
stopped 32. cellular metabolism- what molecule gives us energy?: ATP
functions as the energy-transferring molecule
33. During ischemia, what effect does the loss of ATP have on the cells?: a
reduction of ATP levels (ATP needs oxygen) that causes the Na+/K+ pump and
Na+/Ca exchange to fail, leading to intracellular accumulation of Sodium and
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