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uw madison zoology/biology 101 EXAM 3 Questions With 100% Correct Answers.

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Uw Madison Zoology/biology 101

Basics of diffusion, gradients, and how they relate - Answer-Diffusion: spontaneous movement of very small things. It requires no energy investment by the organism (other than keeping the temperature above freezing) --direction is random Gradients: top of gradient = high concentration, bottom o...

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uw madison zoology/biology 101 EXAM 3 Basics of diffusion, gradients, and how they relate - Answer -Diffusion: spontaneous movement of very small things. It requires no energy investment by the organism (other than keeping the temperature above freezing) --direction is random Gradients: top of gradient = high concentration, bottom of gradient = low concentration --diffuses high to low Basics of diffusion across a semipermeable barrier - Answer - Factors that speed up or slow down diffusion - Answer -size: smaller things diffuse faster the viscosity of medium: diffusion is slower in more viscous media temperature: diffusion is faster at higher temperatures only fast over short distances Why doesn't diffusion work well over long distances? - Answer -much more time required for diffusion to work (time increases as square of distance) Meaning of the phrase "Physiology enables multicellularity by...." - Answer -Physiology is the study of systems and mechanisms that allow multicellularity to exist/systems that enable multicellularity ? Difference between the challenges faced by most animals vs. challenges faced by a single celled organism (amoeba) - Answer -need 1: a cell must eat need 2: a cell must excrete need 3: a cell must respire problem 1: diffusion is slowed by surrounding cells problem 2: food & O2 might be consumed by other cells before they can reach cells far from the O2/food source problem 3: diffusion does not work well over long distances challenges to multicellularity: food, O2, CO2, and waste may have to pass many cells & travel long distances How, at a basic level, the digestive system, respiratory, and circulatory systems contribute to multicellularity - Answer -solution to challenges for food and waster: use digestive and circulatory systems to overcome challenges for food delivery and waste removal in the face of distance & cell density --these systems employ ADVECTION (powered bulk movement) of food and metabolic waste to complement diffusion **digestive system prepares food **circulatory system gets food to cells and takes waste away from cells solution to challenges for respiration: use respiratory and circulatory systems to overcome challenges for O2 delivery and CO2 removal in the face of distance and cell density **respiratory system obtains O2 and removes CO2 **circulatory system get O2 to cells and takes away CO2 --using advection as a complement to diffusion muscle system: POWERS advective movement within circulatory, digestive, & respiratory systems nervous system: REGULATES muscle, circulatory, digestive, & respiratory systems immune system: PROTECTS muscle, nervous, circulatory, digestive, & respiratory systems What does "economy of space mean"? - Answer -physiological systems tend to pack as much as possible into the smallest amount of volume --requires that the rules of geometry are adhered to Basic shapes and forms used in physiology and how those shapes are exploited by physiology - Answer -spheres have a high ratio of volume to surface area & thus are good for sorting things hollow cylinders (tubes) --results in proportionally more surface area to volume Tight link between organization/shape and function in physiological systems - Answer -increase surface area to volume ratio (maximizing amount of exchange surface area in the smallest possible volume to promote diffusion tubes are useful when large distances need to be crossed (can also be folded into available space) --arborization (branching): forming Networks that provide lots of surface area in available face elaborations - changes in the organization of the exchange surface --outward protrusions (EVAGINATIONS): --inward protrusions (INVAGINATIONS): increasing exchange surface w/o increasing volume form follows function Predict the consequences of specific changes in organization of a physiological system - Answer - Name and explain the different solutions that allow animals to cope with the challenges they face when trying to respire - Answer -solution 1: be small solution 2: be flat (long in one dimension, short in the other, & just a few layers thick) solution 3**: have dedicated circulatory & respiratory systems What is meant by a "dedicated" circulatory system? - Answer -circulatory systems enable multicellularity via advective transport of O2, food to, & CO2 & metabolic waste from cells within the animal Describe, generally, how tardigrades, planarians, and hydras manage to respire - Answer -advection, diffusion of O2 and CO2 no dedicated circulatory and respiratory systems Name 3 major components of circulatory systems - Answer -1. pumping devices: "hearts" - chambers that advectively move transport fluid via contraction & relaxation 2. circulatory tubes/vessels: conduits for flow & transport fluid 3. transport/circulatory fluid: carries respiratory gases, food, waste Describe open and closed circulatory systems - Answer -1. OPEN: transport fluid leaves & returns to circulatory vessels -- heart pumps fluid into arteries -- transport fluid leaves arteries via open ends -- transport fluid contacts cells in body, exchanges gases via diffusion -- transport fluid returns to heart via ostia 2. CLOSED: transport fluid stays inside circulatory vessels -- heart pumps transport fluid into large vessels -- T fluid moves from large to network of small vessels -- small vessels exchanges gases w/ interstitial fluid via diffusion -- T fluid moves from small to large vessels & returned to the heart via large vessels What animals use closed vs. open circulatory systems? - Answer -Open: anthropoids (arachnids, insects, crustaceans) & most molluscs Closed: annelids (earth worms), cephalopods (squids & octopuses), & vertebraes (mammals) Describe basic features of the mammalian heart - Answer -pumping device: 4 chambered heart -- atria (atrium): blood collection chambers; thin muscle layer -- ventricles: blood pumping sites; thick muscle layer -- valves: prevent backward blood flow by opening & closing at the right time -pumping results when ventricles contract (systole) -filling results when ventricles relax (diastole) Name and describe the different transport tubes in open and closed circulatory systems - Answer -
arteries/arterioles: thick muscled, carry blood AWAY from heart veins/venules: thinly muscled, carry blood TOWARD heart capillaries: not muscled, concentrated in "beds" where exchange occurs --exchange surface of closed circulatory system --capillary bed -extensively arborized *all transport tubes have endothelial cell lining

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