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Summary Chapter 1 Cosmology and the Birth of Earth
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Summary Chapter 1 Cosmology and the Birth of Earth Marshak: Earth portrait of a Planet Systeem Aarde 1
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Chapter 1: Cosmology and the birth of Earth1.1 Introduction
Universe: Space and everything it contains, including Earth.
Cosmology: A modern scientic discipline, in which they apply scientic principles to the systematc
study of the overall structure and history of the Universe.
In this context there are only 2 basic enttese
1) Matter: the substance that makes up an object.
a. The amount of mater in an object is its mass
2) Energy: the inherent ability of a region of space and the mater within it to do “work”
It provides a foundaton from which we can begin to explore the compositon, structure and
evoluton of the Earth.
Celestial objectss: Naturally occurring bodies in the Universe.
1.2 An image of our Universe
What is the structure of the Universe?
Astsronomers: people who study celestal bodies.
The positon of stars relatve to other stars remains ixed. Planets have relatvely difcult paths, the
move relatve to one another and to the backdrop. Constsellations: (distnctve arrangements of stars)
where named afer gods. In the Western world there were two schools of thought about the
arrangemente
1) Geocentsric model: Earth sits at the center of the Universe without moving, while the moon
and stars whirl around it in circular orbits, all within a shell of stars.
2) Heliocentsric model: Which the sun is the center of the Universe, whit Earth and other
planets orbitng around it.
There was a huge tmeframe in which the geocentric model was socially excepted, throughout the
years recourses proved them wrong, which led to the acceptaton of the heliocentric model. Newton
ended the debate by explaining gravitsy (the atractve force that one mass exerts in another).
Stars and galaxies
Stsars: an immense sphere of incandescent gas that emits intense energy. They are not randomly
scatered; rather, gravity holds them together in immense groups called galaxies. Our sun is part of
the Milky way galaxy. Not the Earth, sun, milky way is the center of our Universe.
The nature of our solar system
Our sun’s gravitatonal pull holds on to many objects which together with the sun comprise the Solar
Systsem.
Planetss: as an object that orbits a star, is roughly spherical and has cleared his neighborhood from
other objects.
Our Solar System consists of 8 planets – Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and
Neptune. They all orbit the sun in the same directon and same plane called the ecliptic.
Exoplanetss: planets that orbit the stars other than our sun.
, Terrestsrial planetss: Inner Planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars). Consist of a shell of rock
surrounding a ball of metal.
Giants planetss: Outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune). They are huge. Most of their
mass consists of solid water, ammonia, and methane so these planets are called ice planets
( Neptune and Uranus). Most of Jupiter and Saturn consists of hydrogen and helium in gas or liquid
form -> gas planets.
Moone sizable body locked in orbit around a planet. All but Mercury and Venus have moons. Some
are round others irregular.
Astseroids: rocky and/or metallic objects, with diameters ranging from less than 1 cm -> 930 km.
Ice objects read this.
Cometss: The gravitatonal pull of planets has sent some of the icy objects on paths that take them
into the inner part of the Solar system, where they release long tails of gas.
Developing a sense of shape and scale
By measuring the angle that the sunrays made which a tower at the irst day of the summer of noon.
They calculated the Earth’s circumference. Op de evenaar valt het recht in, in Alaxandrie maakt de
lichtnval een hoek met de aarde.
Stars must be farther away than the sun, to make them appear as a ixed backdrop behind the Moon.
Moon is about 30 tme the Earths diameter.
Lights year: the distance that light travels in one Earth year, is about 9,5 trillion km. Moon is 1,3 light
seconds away. The sun is about 8,3 light minutes away.
The milky way is about 100 000 light year across.
Motion of the Heavens
The earth spins around its axis. The earth is tlt at an 23,4 degrees angle. At the Equatsor you have a
velocity of 1,674 km per hour. Due to this speed it looks like the sun and stars cross the sky daily.
Earth orbits the sun in an elliptcal path, counter clockwise. Which a speed of 30 km per second. The
whole path is 150 million kilometer. At last the whole Solar System revolves around the center of the
milky way at about 200 km per second.
1.3 Forming the Universe
Waves and the Doppler efect
Waves: disturbances that transmit energy from one point to another in the form of periodic motons.
The ups of water waves form crests and the downs form troughs. Wavelengthe distance between
successive waves. Frequency: number of waves that pass a point in a given tme interval. Shorter
wavelengths make higher frequency. Train moving towards you has higher pitch because the waves
are compressed. The change in frequency that happens when a wave source moves is now known as
the Doppler efects.
Light is a wavee electsromagnetic radiation: energy that can be released by hot or glowing objects and
can be transmited through a vacuum.
Light waves have diferent colours corresponding with their frequency. Speciically, red light has a
longer wave length ( lower frequency ) than blue light.
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