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Life science (biology) notes

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This document comes with the original life science document and is more so to do with animals and humans rather than plants. It has everything you need to go regarding that and will ultimately help you in achieving the marks you want.

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  • February 13, 2024
  • 10
  • 2023/2024
  • Class notes
  • Ms nieuwstad
  • All classes
  • 200
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internal structure:
external structure of heart: • atria: t wo upper chambers blood flow through the heart
• found in middle of thorax • ventricle: t wo lower chambers
• slightly to left • septum: muscular wall separating 1. deoxygenated blood from body
• pericardium: double membrane (fluid left and right sides of heart 2. inferior and superior vena cava
bet ween to prevent friction) • right side: deoxygenated blood 3. right atrium
• cardiac muscle • left side: oxygenated blood 4. tricuspid valve
• coronary blood vessels: supply • atrioventricular valves: valves 5. right ventricle
heart with blood bet ween atrium and ventricles 6. leaves heart
• tricuspid: right 7. pulmonary valve
• bicuspid: left 8. lungs
superior vena cava pulmonary artery
9. oxygenated



·
gen · left atrium
10. heart
·
aorta

-
I
⑭IM
·
pulmonary veins 11. pulmonary veins
transport systems in mammals 12. left atrium

-


E
·
right atrium
left ventricle
13. bicuspid valve




coronary vessels
14. left ventricle
right ventricle
double circulation 15. aortic valve
• pulmonary circulation: 16. aorta
superior vena cava
heart to lungs to heart 17. oxygenated
aorta • systematic : heart to
s body back to heart

og&
right atrium pulmonary artery




g
Blood circulation systems

↑.....
...
=



ot
· (AD
·
pulmonary veins




*
left atrium
3 main parts:
closed circulatory system • blood - the fluid in which

e
bicuspid valve
• blood confined to vessels
tricuspid valve
e left ventricle
• in most animals
substances flow from one
pulmonary valve
↳ area of body to another
muscular wall
• heart pumps blood around body • blood vessels - tubes in
right ventricle aortic valve
inside vessels (blood returns to which blood circulates
heart) • heart - pumps to circulate
fluid

, the cardiac cycle: a heart beat

1. atrial systole
2. ventricular systole I heart muscle contracts

3. general diastole heart muscle relaxes

general diastole
atrial systole ventricular systole • 0,4 seconds
• 0,1 seconds • 0,3 seconds • heart relaxes
• atria contract • ventricles contract • valves close
• blood vessels constrict blood flow • blood leaves heart • blood enters


mechanism controlling heart beat
1. lower blood pressure
heart undergoes series of electrical changes during cardiac cycle 2. sympathetic nerve sends impulse
3. sinoatrial node stimulating
sinoatrial node : 4. atria contract
• where heart beat begins 5. stimulates atrial ventricular
• netural pace maker node
• in wall of right atrium 6. ventricles contract
• attached to brain by sympathetic snd parasympathetic ner ve 7. heart beats faster
8. higher blood pressure
9. parasympathetic nerve lowers
HR
speeds up HR returns HR to normal

adrenaline: hormone stimulating sympathetic nerve - increases heart rate

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