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samenvatting histologie en cytologie

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  • February 13, 2024
  • February 14, 2024
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CELBIOLOGIE PARTIM HISTOLOGIE EN
CYTOLOGIE
Inhoud
1 Cytologie ......................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Celorganellen ......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1.1 Mitochondriën................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1.2 Ribosomen......................................................................................................................................... 3
1.1.3 Endoplasmatisch reticulum ............................................................................................................... 4
1.1.4 Golgi-complex.................................................................................................................................... 5
1.1.5 Lysosomen ......................................................................................................................................... 5
1.1.6 Peroxisomen ...................................................................................................................................... 7
1.1.7 Endocytose ........................................................................................................................................ 8
1.2 Nucleus en nucleolus ........................................................................................................................... 10
1.2.1 Nucleus ............................................................................................................................................ 10
1.2.2 Transport van cytosol naar nucleus en terug .................................................................................. 12
1.2.3 Aanwezigheid van genetisch materiaal in de kern .......................................................................... 12
1.2.4 Nucleolus ......................................................................................................................................... 14
1.3 Celcyclus .............................................................................................................................................. 14
1.3.1 Verschillende definities ................................................................................................................... 14
1.3.2 Celcyclus .......................................................................................................................................... 15
1.3.3 Celcyclus controlesysteem .............................................................................................................. 16
1.4 Cytoskelet ............................................................................................................................................ 19
1.4.1 Componenten.................................................................................................................................. 19
1.4.2 Algemene functie ............................................................................................................................ 19
1.4.3 Microtubuli ...................................................................................................................................... 19
1.4.4 Microfilamenten .............................................................................................................................. 21
1.4.5 Intermediaire filamenten ................................................................................................................ 21
1.4.6 Basale membraan ............................................................................................................................ 22
1.5 Celjuncties en adhesiemoleculen ........................................................................................................ 23
1.5.1 Algemeen ........................................................................................................................................ 23
1.5.2 Celjuncties ....................................................................................................................................... 23
1.5.3 Adhesiemoleculen ........................................................................................................................... 28
1.6 Apoptose en necrose ........................................................................................................................... 29
1.6.1 Apoptose ......................................................................................................................................... 30
1.6.2 Necrose ........................................................................................................................................... 32
1.6.3 Telomeren en telomerase ............................................................................................................... 33
2 Histologie ...................................................................................................................................................... 34

,2.1 Epithelia ............................................................................................................................................... 34
2.1.1 Definitie ........................................................................................................................................... 34
2.1.2 Classificatie ...................................................................................................................................... 34
2.1.3 Overgangsepitheel .......................................................................................................................... 35
2.1.4 Celpolariteit ..................................................................................................................................... 35
2.1.5 Klierepitheel .................................................................................................................................... 36
2.1.6 Voorbeeld epithelia: mannelijk uro-genitaal stelsel........................................................................ 38
2.2 Bindweefsel ......................................................................................................................................... 42
2.2.1 Algemeen ........................................................................................................................................ 42
2.2.2 Embryologie .................................................................................................................................... 43
2.2.3 Extracellulaire matrix....................................................................................................................... 43
2.2.4 Indeling bindweefsel ....................................................................................................................... 48
2.2.5 Bindweefsel strictu sensu (s.s.) ....................................................................................................... 48
2.2.6 Bindweefsel met specifieke eigenschappen.................................................................................... 51
2.2.7 Wondgenezing................................................................................................................................. 52
2.3 Bot en gewrichten................................................................................................................................ 53
2.3.1 Kraakbeen........................................................................................................................................ 53
2.3.2 Botweefsel ....................................................................................................................................... 56
2.4 Spierweefsel ........................................................................................................................................ 67
2.4.1 Algemeen ........................................................................................................................................ 67
2.4.2 Skeletspierweefsel........................................................................................................................... 68
2.4.3 Hartspierweefsel ............................................................................................................................. 71
2.4.4 Glad spierweefsel ............................................................................................................................ 74
2.5 Zenuwweefsel en zintuigen (inclusief oog).......................................................................................... 76
2.5.1 Algemeen ........................................................................................................................................ 76
2.5.2 Neuronen ........................................................................................................................................ 76
2.5.3 Neuroglia/Gliacellen ........................................................................................................................ 80
2.5.4 Centraal zenuwstelsel ..................................................................................................................... 82
2.5.5 Perifeer zenuwstelsel ...................................................................................................................... 84
2.5.6 Oor................................................................................................................................................... 86
2.5.7 Oog .................................................................................................................................................. 88
2.6 Immunologie en ontsteking ................................................................................................................. 95
2.6.1 Algemeen ........................................................................................................................................ 95
2.6.2 Organisatie van het immuunsysteem.............................................................................................. 95
2.6.3 Types van immuniteit ...................................................................................................................... 95
2.6.4 T-lymfocyten.................................................................................................................................... 97
2.6.5 B-lymfocyten ................................................................................................................................... 99
2.6.6 Immuunglobinen ............................................................................................................................. 99
2.6.7 Monocyten/macrofagen ............................................................................................................... 100
2.6.8 Ontsteking ..................................................................................................................................... 100



1

, 2.7 Bloed en bloedvormend weefsel ....................................................................................................... 104
2.7.1 Algemeen ...................................................................................................................................... 104
2.7.2 Algemene samenstelling ............................................................................................................... 105
2.7.3 Plasma ........................................................................................................................................... 105
2.7.4 Bloedvormend weefsel.................................................................................................................. 105
2.7.5 Hematopoietisch weefsel .............................................................................................................. 106
2.7.6 Erythrocyten .................................................................................................................................. 107
2.7.7 Leukocyten .................................................................................................................................... 109
2.7.8 Bloedplaatjes/Thrombocyten ........................................................................................................ 111
2.8 Stamcellen ......................................................................................................................................... 113
2.8.1 introductie tot stamcellen ............................................................................................................. 113
2.8.2 adulte stamcellen .......................................................................................................................... 114
2.8.3 embryonale stamcellen ................................................................................................................. 115
2.8.4 geïnduceerde pluripotente stamcellen ......................................................................................... 117
2.8.5 stamceltransplantatie in het centraal zenuwstelsel ...................................................................... 118
2.8.6 toekomstperspectieven voor stamcelonderzoek .......................................................................... 119
3 Practicum .................................................................................................................................................... 119
3.1 Hanteren van de microscoop, maken van preparaten, bestuderen van cellen en organen.............. 119
3.1.1 Gebruik van conventionele lichtmicroscoop ................................................................................. 119
3.1.2 Maken van de preparaten ............................................................................................................. 120
3.1.3 Bestuderen van cellen in orgaancoupes........................................................................................ 121
3.2 Epithelen ............................................................................................................................................ 121
3.2.1 Soorten .......................................................................................................................................... 121
3.2.2 Bedekkende epithelen................................................................................................................... 121
3.2.3 Klierepithelen ................................................................................................................................ 123
3.3 Bindweefsels ...................................................................................................................................... 125
3.3.1 Algemeen ...................................................................................................................................... 125
3.3.2 Bindweefsel s.s. ............................................................................................................................. 125
3.4 Spierweefsels ..................................................................................................................................... 127
3.4.1 Algemeen ...................................................................................................................................... 127
3.4.2 Gladde spieren .............................................................................................................................. 127
3.4.3 Dwarsgestreepte spieren .............................................................................................................. 128
3.5 Bloedvaten ......................................................................................................................................... 128
3.5.1 Soorten .......................................................................................................................................... 128
3.5.2 Het circulatiesysteem .................................................................................................................... 129
3.5.3 Algemeen bouwplan ..................................................................................................................... 129
3.6 Kraakbeen .......................................................................................................................................... 129
3.6.1 Algemeen ...................................................................................................................................... 129
3.6.2 Types kraakbeen............................................................................................................................ 130
3.6.3 Typering ......................................................................................................................................... 130



2

,3.7 Bot ..................................................................................................................................................... 130
3.7.1 Algemeen ...................................................................................................................................... 130
3.7.2 Typering ......................................................................................................................................... 131
3.7.3 Botvorming .................................................................................................................................... 131
3.7.4 Ontwikkeling.................................................................................................................................. 131
3.7.5 Cellen ............................................................................................................................................. 132
3.7.6 Enchondrale botvorming ............................................................................................................... 132
3.8 Zenuwweefsel .................................................................................................................................... 132
3.8.1 Algemeen ...................................................................................................................................... 132
3.8.2 Neuronen ...................................................................................................................................... 133
3.8.3 Gliacellen ....................................................................................................................................... 133
3.8.4 Voorbeeld: reflexboog................................................................................................................... 134
3.8.5 Typering ......................................................................................................................................... 134
3.9 Preparaten ......................................................................................................................................... 134




3

,1 Cytologie
1.1 Celorganellen

1.1.1 Mitochondriën

(a) Voorkomen

- In alle eukaryote cellen
- Kunnen tot 2/5 van cytoplasmavolume innemen
- Eivormige of langgerekte structuren, soms vertakt
- Zeer heterogene verdeling over cytoplasma bij verschillende celtypes, vaak ophoping in gebieden waar
veel energie verbruikt wordt
~ Heterogene verdeling is vooral in apolaire cellen, dat zijn cellen met een onderkant en bovenkant
ž = ophopen in gebieden waar ze het meest nodig zijn
~ Homogene verdeling is in polaire cellen, dat zijn cellen zonder een onderkant en bovenkant
ž = gelijke verdeling over de cel
~ Illustreert dat mitochondriën in de cel zich kunnen verplaatsen door middel van het cytoskelet
ž Mitochondriën zijn dynamisch qua plaats
- Aantal mitochondriën is afhankelijk van energiebehoefte van de cel (kunnen splitsen en fusioneren)
~ Hoe meer metabool actief de cel is, hoe meer mitochondriën er zijn
ž bv kankercellen zijn heel metabool actief want die delen constant dus die gaan ook veel
mitochondriën hebben
~ Mitochondriën zijn dynamisch qua aantal

(b) Opbouw

Algemeen

- Dubbele membraan met intermembranaire ruimte
~ Buitenmembraan omgeeft ganse mitochondrion
~ Binnenmembraan is sterk geplooid : vorming van cristae mitochondriales
~ Intermembranaire ruimte
~ matrix

Bijzonderheden

- Mitochondriën bevatten eigen circulair DNA en ribosomen (en ook enzymen om proteïnen te
synthetiseren)
~ Ze kunnen een deel van hun eiwitten aanmaken maar zeker niet allemaal
- Mitochondriaal DNA en geassocieerde enzymen lijken sterk op deze die in bacteriën voorkomen
~ Mitochondriën kunnen dus instaan voor eigen onderhoud, groei en vermenigvuldiging
- Aantal en grootte van mitochondriën kan dus veranderen wanneer energiebehoefte van de cel verandert
~ Dynamisch in aantal en grootte

Mitochondriaal DNA

- Enig circulair DNA in ons lichaam
~ Probleem: in circulaire vorm kan dit niet afgeschreven worden
- Bevat
~ Ribosomaal DNA
~ DNA voor bepaalde eiwitten zoals ATPsynthase



1

, Buitenmembraan

- Bevat vele transporteiwitten
- Is permeabel voor niet al te grote moleculen, inclusief kleine eiwitten : samenstelling
intermembraanruimte afspiegeling van omliggend cytoplasma
- Bevat enzymen die conversie van bepaalde substraten bewerkstelligen
- Bevat enzymen voor vetsynthese / vetzuurmetabolisme

Binnenmembraan

- Sterk geplooid naar inwendige van mitochondrion = vergroting van oppervlak van deze membraan tov
mitochondriale inhoud of matrix
- Cristae mitochondriales bladvormig of buisvormig
- Bestaat voor ¾ uit eiwitten (ademhalingsenzymen, ook transporteiwitten)
~ Deze drijven als het waren op het fluïde membraan en kunnen zich dan ook makkelijk verplaatsen
- Minder permeabel dan buitenmembraan
- Hoe hoger de metabole activiteit van een cel, hoe meer uitgesproken de plooiing van de binnenmembraan
is
~ Binnenmembraan is heel dynamisch: het aantal plooiingen verandert naarmate de metabole activiteit
van een cel
- Intactheid van het binnenmembraan is cruciaal voor het leven van de cel
~ Wanneer permeabiliteit in de war is, gaan BCl2-bax, 2 eiwitten, een porie openen om zo celdood te
voorkomen
ž Vorm van controlemechanisme
§ Controlemechanismes zijn in het algemeen heel belangrijk voor het in leven houden van
cellen en processen

Matrix

- Bevat enzymen van vetzuuroxidatie en van deel van citroenzuurcyclus
- Ronde matrixkorrels = neerslagen van calcium -en magnesiumzouten
~ Worden ook wel granula genoemd
- Hier gebeurt oxidatie van lipiden, oxidatie van pyruvaat en de citroenzuurcyclus of Krebscyclus

(c) Functie

- Mitochondriale activiteit produceert ongeveer 95% van de energie die nodig is voor het in stand houden
van een cel
~ Energie is in de vorm van ATP
~ Mogelijkheden voor ATP productie
ž Omkeerbaarheid van de Na+/K+ pomp
§ Dit gaat cel wel enkel doen als die echt in nood is want cel gaat hierdoor zwellen (=
hydrotoxische degeneratie)
¨ Kan teken zijn van hypoxie (te weinig zuurstof)
ž Glycolyse
- Vormen ATP door de afbraak van organische moleculen in reactieketen waarbij 02 verbruikt wordt en C02
aangemaakt wordt
- Metabolisme = katabolisme + anabolisme
~ Katabolisme = afbreken van moleculen
~ Anabolisme = opbouwen van moleculen




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