Study guide
Coastal Environments - complete A* grade notes with contents page - 64 pages
- Vak
- Instelling
- Boek
A* notes on the COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS section of the CIE Geography A level. Other modules available
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 5 van de 64 pagina's
Voorbeeld 5 van de 64 pagina's
In winkelwagen
In winkelwagen
Gekoppeld boek
Titel boek:
Auteur(s):
- Uitgave:
- ISBN:
- Druk:
5 beoordelingen
Door: nina8821 • 4 jaar geleden
Door: martinmcpherson • 4 jaar geleden
Door: elvinsan • 5 jaar geleden
Door: dani1shaw • 5 jaar geleden
Antwoord verwijderd door de gebruiker
Door: helen28 • 5 jaar geleden
Door: dani1shaw • 5 jaar geleden
Hi, please could you give a reason why you’ve rated 3 stars rather than higher. Thank you.
Door: suebarley • 6 jaar geleden
Verkoper
Volgen
dani1shaw
Ontvangen beoordelingen
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
CONTENTS FOR COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS8.1 Coastal Processes .............................................................................................................................. 5
The littoral/coastal zone .................................................................................................................... 5
Factors influencing coasts .................................................................................................................. 5
Dynamic equilibrium .......................................................................................................................... 6
Factors affecting coasts ...................................................................................................................... 7
How the coast is shaped by wave action........................................................................................... 7
Wave construction ............................................................................................................................. 7
Tides & Tidal cycles ............................................................................................................................ 9
Tidal frequency ............................................................................................................................... 9
Tidal range....................................................................................................................................... 9
Tidal Bore ........................................................................................................................................ 9
Amphidromic points......................................................................................................................... 10
Storm Surges..................................................................................................................................... 11
Factors affecting the nature of the storm surge ........................................................................... 11
UK Storm Surge, 1953 ................................................................................................................... 11
Waves of Transition ......................................................................................................................... 12
Types of breakers .......................................................................................................................... 12
Constructive and Destructive waves ............................................................................................... 13
Processes and landforms relating to waves .................................................................................... 13
Wave refraction ................................................................................................................................ 15
Wave diffraction ............................................................................................................................... 16
Wave action ...................................................................................................................................... 16
Coastal erosion - marine processes ................................................................................................. 17
1. Hydraulic action .................................................................................................................... 17
2. Abrasion/corrasion ............................................................................................................... 17
3. Attrition ................................................................................................................................. 17
4. Solution/corrosion ................................................................................................................ 17
5. Cavitation (part of hydraulic action) ..................................................................................... 17
6. Sub aerial processes (weathering/mass movement) ............................................................ 17
Mass movement ............................................................................................................................... 18
➔ Landslides .......................................................................................................................... 18
➔ Soil creep ........................................................................................................................... 18
➔ Mud flows ......................................................................................................................... 18
➔ Slumping............................................................................................................................ 18
1
, ➔ Rock falls ........................................................................................................................... 18
Weathering ....................................................................................................................................... 19
Biological weathering.................................................................................................................... 19
Physical weathering ...................................................................................................................... 19
Chemical weathering .................................................................................................................... 19
Influences on coastal landscape systems ........................................................................................ 19
1. Lithology................................................................................................................................ 19
2. Structure ............................................................................................................................... 19
How geology affects cliff erosion..................................................................................................... 21
Sedimentary .................................................................................................................................. 21
Igneous .......................................................................................................................................... 21
Unconsolidated ............................................................................................................................. 21
Transportation – The Load ............................................................................................................... 22
Debris formation ............................................................................................................................... 22
Sediment moved by water ................................................................................................................ 22
3 types of sediment transport ......................................................................................................... 22
1) Bedload ................................................................................................................................. 22
2) Suspended load ..................................................................................................................... 22
3) Wash load ............................................................................................................................. 22
Transportation processes................................................................................................................. 22
• Traction ................................................................................................................................. 22
• Saltation ................................................................................................................................ 22
• Suspension ............................................................................................................................ 22
• Solution ................................................................................................................................. 22
On shore and off shore transportation ........................................................................................... 23
Longshore drift ................................................................................................................................. 23
Marine deposition ............................................................................................................................ 23
Sediment cells................................................................................................................................... 24
Introduction to coral reefs ............................................................................................................... 26
What do corals need to grow? ...................................................................................................... 27
Types of reef and how they develop (Darwin’s theory) ............................................................... 28
Subsidence theory of Darwin overview 1842.............................................................................. 29
Glacial Control theory of Daly 1915 ............................................................................................. 30
Stand still theory of Murry 1880 .................................................................................................. 30
The value of coral reefs .................................................................................................................... 31
2
, Threats to coral reefs ....................................................................................................................... 33
Local threats to coral reefs............................................................................................................... 35
Global threats ................................................................................................................................... 35
Coral bleaching ................................................................................................................................. 36
Management of coral reefs .............................................................................................................. 37
Difference between adaptation and mitigation ............................................................................. 37
Strategies to reduce global warming (mitigation) .......................................................................... 38
Managing the Great Barrier Reef..................................................................................................... 40
Limiting factors on coral reef development .................................................................................... 42
Natural causes of reef decline ......................................................................................................... 43
Human impacts on reefs .................................................................................................................. 43
Management strategies ................................................................................................................... 43
Strategies for the successful development of marine protected areas........................................ 43
8.2 Characteristics and formation of coastal landforms ...................................................................... 45
EROSIONAL LANDFORMS ................................................................................................................. 45
Cliffs – most dominant feature of erosion: ................................................................................. 45
Wave cut notch: ........................................................................................................................... 45
Headlands and bays: .................................................................................................................... 46
Crack → cave → arch → stack → stump: .................................................................................... 46
Blow hole: ..................................................................................................................................... 47
The Pembrokeshire Coast (South West Wales) : Coastal Erosion Case Study ............................... 48
DEPOSITIONAL LANDFORMS............................................................................................................ 53
Beaches: ........................................................................................................................................ 53
Spits: ............................................................................................................................................. 55
Bars: .............................................................................................................................................. 56
Tombolo’s: .................................................................................................................................... 56
Barrier beaches:............................................................................................................................ 57
Barrier islands and offshore bars:................................................................................................ 57
Salt Marshes: ................................................................................................................................ 58
Plant succession ............................................................................................................................... 58
Succession in a salt marsh............................................................................................................. 59
Mangroves (tropical version of a salt marsh) :............................................................................ 60
Sea level change on features ........................................................................................................... 61
Features created by sea level change: ......................................................................................... 61
Impacts of present and predicted sea level rise ............................................................................. 62
8.4 Coastal management ..................................................................................................................... 63
3
,Environmental sustainability: Considers conserving the coastal system (cell), reducing or
preventing pollution, maintaining the aesthetics of the coastline Economic sustainability: ......... 63
Social sustainability: ......................................................................................................................... 63
Sustainable management: ............................................................................................................... 63
Stakeholders ..................................................................................................................................... 63
Strategies for coastal management ................................................................................................. 63
Protection methods – soft engineering ........................................................................................... 64
Protection methods – hard engineering.......................................................................................... 64
4
, COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS
8.1 Coastal Processes
The littoral/coastal zone:
➢ The zone of transition (the boundary) between the land & sea. It is a dynamic zone
meaning it’s constantly changing.
➢ It is affected by many processes, we are focusing mainly on beaches
➢ The zone adjusts to a series of physical processes such as wave energy and winds.
1) Land – 2) Humans – 3) Atmospheric factors – 4) Marine –
• Geology • Tourism & recreation • Climate • Tides
• Tectonics • Pollution • Global warming • Deposition
• • Solar energy • Salt
• Biotic features Sea defences
• Building • Weathering • Biotic features
• Gravity
• Conservation • Waves and tsunami’s
•
Biotic features = living
Factors influencing coasts: things in an ecosystem e.g.
plants, animals & fungi
Others in more depth:
Rock type (lithology)
- Hard rocks e.g. granite and basalt create rugged landscapes such as the Giants
Causeway in Northern Ireland
- Whereas soft rocks e.g. sands and gravels produce low, flat landscapes such as the
Nile delta area
Geological structure
- Concordant (Pacific) coastlines occur where geological strata lie parallel to the
coastline e.g. Pacific Coat of the USA
- Whereas discordant (Atlantic) coastlines occur where geological strata are at right
angles to the shoreline e.g. South West Coast of Ireland
Processes
- Erosional landscapes e.g. East Coast of England contain many rapidly retreating cliffs
- Whereas areas of rapid deposition e.g. Netherlands, contain many sand dunes and
coastal flats
Sea level changes
- Interaction with erosional and depositional processes produce changes in coasts
- For example, growing coastlines are due to deposition and/or a fall in sea level
whereas retreating coasts are due to erosion and/or a rise in sea level
5
Dit zijn jouw voordelen als je samenvattingen koopt bij Stuvia:
Bewezen kwaliteit door reviews
Studenten hebben al meer dan 850.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet jij zeker dat je de beste keuze maakt!
In een paar klikken geregeld
Geen gedoe — betaal gewoon eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of je Stuvia-tegoed en je bent klaar. Geen abonnement nodig.
Direct to-the-point
Studenten maken samenvattingen voor studenten. Dat betekent: actuele inhoud waar jij écht wat aan hebt. Geen overbodige details!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper dani1shaw. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor $13.99. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?
4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 70113 samenvattingen verkocht
Opgericht in 2010, al 15 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen
Laatst bekeken door jou
Overig ·
Psychology Assignment 1 - Conducting Psychological Research - Unit 2
Tentamen (uitwerkingen) ·
WGU C165 Integrated Physical Sciences | Questions and Answers 2024
Samenvatting ·
Samenvatting - Farmacologie : Geneesmiddelen en hun targets (J000500A)
Tentamen (uitwerkingen) ·
ATI RN Fundamentals Proctored Exam Questions & Answers, 2025/2026
Tentamen (uitwerkingen) ·
Exam (elaborations) I-Human Simulation—Otto Smithers (NSG170) solved
Tentamen (uitwerkingen) ·
PCB 3233 UCF Immunology Final Exam Review updated already passed
