Garantie de satisfaction à 100% Disponible immédiatement après paiement En ligne et en PDF Tu n'es attaché à rien
logo-home
Coastal Environments - complete A* grade notes with contents page - 64 pages $13.98
Ajouter au panier

Study guide

Coastal Environments - complete A* grade notes with contents page - 64 pages

5 revues
 14 fois vendu
  • Cours
  • Établissement
  • Book

A* notes on the COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS section of the CIE Geography A level. Other modules available

Aperçu 5 sur 64  pages

  • 23 août 2018
  • 64
  • 2018/2019
  • Study guide

5  revues

review-writer-avatar

Par: nina8821 • 4 année de cela

review-writer-avatar

Par: martinmcpherson • 4 année de cela

review-writer-avatar

Par: elvinsan • 5 année de cela

reply-writer-avatar

Par: dani1shaw • 5 année de cela

Réponse supprimé par l'utilisateur

review-writer-avatar

Par: helen28 • 5 année de cela

reply-writer-avatar

Par: dani1shaw • 5 année de cela

Hi, please could you give a reason why you’ve rated 3 stars rather than higher. Thank you.

review-writer-avatar

Par: suebarley • 6 année de cela

avatar-seller
CONTENTS FOR COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS
8.1 Coastal Processes .............................................................................................................................. 5
The littoral/coastal zone .................................................................................................................... 5
Factors influencing coasts .................................................................................................................. 5
Dynamic equilibrium .......................................................................................................................... 6
Factors affecting coasts ...................................................................................................................... 7
How the coast is shaped by wave action........................................................................................... 7
Wave construction ............................................................................................................................. 7
Tides & Tidal cycles ............................................................................................................................ 9
Tidal frequency ............................................................................................................................... 9
Tidal range....................................................................................................................................... 9
Tidal Bore ........................................................................................................................................ 9
Amphidromic points......................................................................................................................... 10
Storm Surges..................................................................................................................................... 11
Factors affecting the nature of the storm surge ........................................................................... 11
UK Storm Surge, 1953 ................................................................................................................... 11
Waves of Transition ......................................................................................................................... 12
Types of breakers .......................................................................................................................... 12
Constructive and Destructive waves ............................................................................................... 13
Processes and landforms relating to waves .................................................................................... 13
Wave refraction ................................................................................................................................ 15
Wave diffraction ............................................................................................................................... 16
Wave action ...................................................................................................................................... 16
Coastal erosion - marine processes ................................................................................................. 17
1. Hydraulic action .................................................................................................................... 17
2. Abrasion/corrasion ............................................................................................................... 17
3. Attrition ................................................................................................................................. 17
4. Solution/corrosion ................................................................................................................ 17
5. Cavitation (part of hydraulic action) ..................................................................................... 17
6. Sub aerial processes (weathering/mass movement) ............................................................ 17
Mass movement ............................................................................................................................... 18
➔ Landslides .......................................................................................................................... 18
➔ Soil creep ........................................................................................................................... 18
➔ Mud flows ......................................................................................................................... 18
➔ Slumping............................................................................................................................ 18

1

, ➔ Rock falls ........................................................................................................................... 18
Weathering ....................................................................................................................................... 19
Biological weathering.................................................................................................................... 19
Physical weathering ...................................................................................................................... 19
Chemical weathering .................................................................................................................... 19
Influences on coastal landscape systems ........................................................................................ 19
1. Lithology................................................................................................................................ 19
2. Structure ............................................................................................................................... 19
How geology affects cliff erosion..................................................................................................... 21
Sedimentary .................................................................................................................................. 21
Igneous .......................................................................................................................................... 21
Unconsolidated ............................................................................................................................. 21
Transportation – The Load ............................................................................................................... 22
Debris formation ............................................................................................................................... 22
Sediment moved by water ................................................................................................................ 22
3 types of sediment transport ......................................................................................................... 22
1) Bedload ................................................................................................................................. 22
2) Suspended load ..................................................................................................................... 22
3) Wash load ............................................................................................................................. 22
Transportation processes................................................................................................................. 22
• Traction ................................................................................................................................. 22
• Saltation ................................................................................................................................ 22
• Suspension ............................................................................................................................ 22
• Solution ................................................................................................................................. 22
On shore and off shore transportation ........................................................................................... 23
Longshore drift ................................................................................................................................. 23
Marine deposition ............................................................................................................................ 23
Sediment cells................................................................................................................................... 24
Introduction to coral reefs ............................................................................................................... 26
What do corals need to grow? ...................................................................................................... 27
Types of reef and how they develop (Darwin’s theory) ............................................................... 28
Subsidence theory of Darwin overview 1842.............................................................................. 29
Glacial Control theory of Daly 1915 ............................................................................................. 30
Stand still theory of Murry 1880 .................................................................................................. 30
The value of coral reefs .................................................................................................................... 31


2

, Threats to coral reefs ....................................................................................................................... 33
Local threats to coral reefs............................................................................................................... 35
Global threats ................................................................................................................................... 35
Coral bleaching ................................................................................................................................. 36
Management of coral reefs .............................................................................................................. 37
Difference between adaptation and mitigation ............................................................................. 37
Strategies to reduce global warming (mitigation) .......................................................................... 38
Managing the Great Barrier Reef..................................................................................................... 40
Limiting factors on coral reef development .................................................................................... 42
Natural causes of reef decline ......................................................................................................... 43
Human impacts on reefs .................................................................................................................. 43
Management strategies ................................................................................................................... 43
Strategies for the successful development of marine protected areas........................................ 43
8.2 Characteristics and formation of coastal landforms ...................................................................... 45
EROSIONAL LANDFORMS ................................................................................................................. 45
Cliffs – most dominant feature of erosion: ................................................................................. 45
Wave cut notch: ........................................................................................................................... 45
Headlands and bays: .................................................................................................................... 46
Crack → cave → arch → stack → stump: .................................................................................... 46
Blow hole: ..................................................................................................................................... 47
The Pembrokeshire Coast (South West Wales) : Coastal Erosion Case Study ............................... 48
DEPOSITIONAL LANDFORMS............................................................................................................ 53
Beaches: ........................................................................................................................................ 53
Spits: ............................................................................................................................................. 55
Bars: .............................................................................................................................................. 56
Tombolo’s: .................................................................................................................................... 56
Barrier beaches:............................................................................................................................ 57
Barrier islands and offshore bars:................................................................................................ 57
Salt Marshes: ................................................................................................................................ 58
Plant succession ............................................................................................................................... 58
Succession in a salt marsh............................................................................................................. 59
Mangroves (tropical version of a salt marsh) :............................................................................ 60
Sea level change on features ........................................................................................................... 61
Features created by sea level change: ......................................................................................... 61
Impacts of present and predicted sea level rise ............................................................................. 62
8.4 Coastal management ..................................................................................................................... 63

3

,Environmental sustainability: Considers conserving the coastal system (cell), reducing or
preventing pollution, maintaining the aesthetics of the coastline Economic sustainability: ......... 63
Social sustainability: ......................................................................................................................... 63
Sustainable management: ............................................................................................................... 63
Stakeholders ..................................................................................................................................... 63
Strategies for coastal management ................................................................................................. 63
Protection methods – soft engineering ........................................................................................... 64
Protection methods – hard engineering.......................................................................................... 64




4

, COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS
8.1 Coastal Processes

The littoral/coastal zone:
➢ The zone of transition (the boundary) between the land & sea. It is a dynamic zone
meaning it’s constantly changing.
➢ It is affected by many processes, we are focusing mainly on beaches
➢ The zone adjusts to a series of physical processes such as wave energy and winds.


1) Land – 2) Humans – 3) Atmospheric factors – 4) Marine –
• Geology • Tourism & recreation • Climate • Tides
• Tectonics • Pollution • Global warming • Deposition
• • Solar energy • Salt
• Biotic features Sea defences
• Building • Weathering • Biotic features
• Gravity
• Conservation • Waves and tsunami’s

Biotic features = living
Factors influencing coasts: things in an ecosystem e.g.
plants, animals & fungi

Others in more depth:
Rock type (lithology)
- Hard rocks e.g. granite and basalt create rugged landscapes such as the Giants
Causeway in Northern Ireland
- Whereas soft rocks e.g. sands and gravels produce low, flat landscapes such as the
Nile delta area
Geological structure
- Concordant (Pacific) coastlines occur where geological strata lie parallel to the
coastline e.g. Pacific Coat of the USA
- Whereas discordant (Atlantic) coastlines occur where geological strata are at right
angles to the shoreline e.g. South West Coast of Ireland
Processes
- Erosional landscapes e.g. East Coast of England contain many rapidly retreating cliffs
- Whereas areas of rapid deposition e.g. Netherlands, contain many sand dunes and
coastal flats
Sea level changes
- Interaction with erosional and depositional processes produce changes in coasts
- For example, growing coastlines are due to deposition and/or a fall in sea level
whereas retreating coasts are due to erosion and/or a rise in sea level

5

Les avantages d'acheter des résumés chez Stuvia:

Qualité garantie par les avis des clients

Qualité garantie par les avis des clients

Les clients de Stuvia ont évalués plus de 700 000 résumés. C'est comme ça que vous savez que vous achetez les meilleurs documents.

L’achat facile et rapide

L’achat facile et rapide

Vous pouvez payer rapidement avec iDeal, carte de crédit ou Stuvia-crédit pour les résumés. Il n'y a pas d'adhésion nécessaire.

Focus sur l’essentiel

Focus sur l’essentiel

Vos camarades écrivent eux-mêmes les notes d’étude, c’est pourquoi les documents sont toujours fiables et à jour. Cela garantit que vous arrivez rapidement au coeur du matériel.

Foire aux questions

Qu'est-ce que j'obtiens en achetant ce document ?

Vous obtenez un PDF, disponible immédiatement après votre achat. Le document acheté est accessible à tout moment, n'importe où et indéfiniment via votre profil.

Garantie de remboursement : comment ça marche ?

Notre garantie de satisfaction garantit que vous trouverez toujours un document d'étude qui vous convient. Vous remplissez un formulaire et notre équipe du service client s'occupe du reste.

Auprès de qui est-ce que j'achète ce résumé ?

Stuvia est une place de marché. Alors, vous n'achetez donc pas ce document chez nous, mais auprès du vendeur dani1shaw. Stuvia facilite les paiements au vendeur.

Est-ce que j'aurai un abonnement?

Non, vous n'achetez ce résumé que pour $13.98. Vous n'êtes lié à rien après votre achat.

Peut-on faire confiance à Stuvia ?

4.6 étoiles sur Google & Trustpilot (+1000 avis)

64670 résumés ont été vendus ces 30 derniers jours

Fondée en 2010, la référence pour acheter des résumés depuis déjà 15 ans

Commencez à vendre!

Récemment vu par vous


$13.98  14x  vendu
  • (5)
Ajouter au panier
Ajouté