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Samenvatting Theoretische Criminologie en Victimologie_23-24
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Een samenvatting van het vak TCV waarin alle theorieën uitgeschreven staat. Ik heb met deze samenvatting een 17/20 behaald op mijn examen.
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Theoretische criminologie envictimologie
Inhoudsopgave
Module 1: Denken al criminoloog................................................................................................................... 6
1. Geschiedenis wetenschappelijk denken...................................................................................................... 6
1.1 Criminaliteit/bestraffing criminologie...........................................................................................................6
1.2 Wat is wetenschap.........................................................................................................................................6
1.2.1 Wetenschappelijk denken.......................................................................................................................6
1.2.2 Wat is wetenschap?................................................................................................................................6
1.2.3 Wetenschap (kennisproductie) “objectiviteit”?....................................................................................7
1.3 Wetenschap is................................................................................................................................................7
1.3.1 Wetenschappelijke kennis......................................................................................................................8
1.3.2 Criminologie een geïnstitutionaliseerde wetenschappelijke discipline in België?.................................9
1.3.3 Criminologisch denken een globaal perspectief?...................................................................................9
Module 2: Het criminologisch vraagstuk....................................................................................................... 10
2. Het criminologische onderzoeksvraagstuk................................................................................................ 10
2.1 Criminologische vragen................................................................................................................................10
2.2 Wat is criminaliteit?.....................................................................................................................................10
2.2.1 “Criminaliteit” ontleden/deconstrueren..............................................................................................11
2.3 Criminologische discipline & onderzoeksobject?..........................................................................................11
2.3.1 Criminologische benadering onderzoeksobject? Welke vragen (kunnen we) stellen we?..................12
2.3.2 Criminologisch denken begrijpen?.......................................................................................................13
2.4 Criminologen en hun manieren van kijken (en denken) over onderzoeksobject..........................................13
2.4.2 Problemen van de criminologie als (sociale) wetenschap....................................................................13
Module 3: De ontwikkeling van het criminologische denken (Europees 19 de E)..............................................14
3. Genealogisch overzicht............................................................................................................................. 14
3.1 Lijn 1”: Klassiek strafrecht uitgangspunt......................................................................................................14
3.2 “Lijn 2”: Positivisme (19de-20ste)................................................................................................................14
3.3 “Lijn 3”: (Symbolisch) interactionnisme.......................................................................................................14
4. Klassieke school....................................................................................................................................... 15
4.1 Intellectuele en maatschappelijke context...................................................................................................15
4.2 Kenmerken v/h klassieke denken..................................................................................................................15
4.2 Becarria’s Rechtsprincipes (=> rechtstaat!)..................................................................................................16
4.3 Jeremy Bentham: naar de “moderne” straf?...............................................................................................16
4.4 Kritiek Klassieke denken...............................................................................................................................17
4.5 Hedendaags “Rationele keuze” denken.......................................................................................................17
(1) Routineactiviteitentheorie (Felson & Cohen, 1979): kernelementen......................................................18
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, (2) Rationele keuzeperspectief (Cornish & Clarke, 1986): kernelementen...................................................18
(3) Leefstijltheorie (Hindelang, Gottfredson & Garofalo, 1978)....................................................................18
5.5.1 Rationele keuze denken........................................................................................................................19
5.5.2 Kritiek “rationele keuze” denken..........................................................................................................19
4.5.3 Beleidsimplicaties.................................................................................................................................19
5. Positivisme (19de – 20ste eeuw).................................................................................................................. 20
5.1 Basis van het positivistisch criminologisch denken......................................................................................20
5.2 Een positivistisch criminologisch perspectief voor de 20ste eeuw...............................................................20
5.2.1 Sociologisch positivisme.......................................................................................................................21
5.2.2 Individueel positivisme: De (ontwikkeling van de) studie van de “homo criminalis”..........................22
5.3 De Italiaanse school.....................................................................................................................................22
............................................................................................................................................................................22
5.4 De Franse school (= milieuschool)................................................................................................................23
5.4.1 Kritiek (vanaf jaren ’60): De erfenis van het individueel positivisme...................................................23
Module 4: De ontwikkeling van het criminologische denken (20 ste E).............................................................24
6. Sociologisch positivisme........................................................................................................................... 24
6.1 De Chicago school (oprichting in 1892).................................................................................................... 24
6.1.1 Maatschappelijke ontwikkelingen.............................................................................................................24
6.1.2 Intellectuele context..................................................................................................................................24
6.1.3 Bijdragen van dit perspectief....................................................................................................................24
(2.1) Criminaliteit en stedelijke ruimte (place/space)...................................................................................25
(2.2) Ecologisch criminologisch denken.........................................................................................................25
(2.3) Sociale desorganisatie...........................................................................................................................26
(2.4) Culturele transmissie.............................................................................................................................26
6.1.4 Evaluatie....................................................................................................................................................27
6.1.5 Hedendaagse relevantie............................................................................................................................27
6.2 Strain denken......................................................................................................................................... 28
6.2.1 Maatschappelijke context.........................................................................................................................28
6.2.2 Intellectuele context..................................................................................................................................28
6.2.3 Robert K. Merton (1910 – 2003): Anomiebenadering...............................................................................28
6.2.4 Durkheim’s anomie....................................................................................................................................29
6.2.5 Evaluatie....................................................................................................................................................29
6.2.6 Latere criminologische relevantie.............................................................................................................29
6.3 Differentieel associatie denken............................................................................................................... 30
6.3.1 Maatschappelijk context...........................................................................................................................30
6.3.2 Intellectuele context..................................................................................................................................30
6.3.3 Edwin Sutherland (1883-1950)..................................................................................................................30
3.3.1 Differentiële associatietheorie (micro).................................................................................................30
3.3.2 Differentiële sociale organisatie...........................................................................................................31
6.3.4 Evaluatie:...................................................................................................................................................31
6.3.5 Hedendaagse relevantie criminologisch denken.......................................................................................32
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,6.4 Subcultuurdenken.................................................................................................................................. 32
6.4.1 Maatschappelijke context jaren ‘50 – ’60 (optimisme).............................................................................32
6.4.2 Intellectuele context..................................................................................................................................32
6.4.3 F.M. Trasher (Chicago school)...................................................................................................................32
6.4.4 Albert K. Cohen: Delinquente subcultuur..................................................................................................32
6.4.5 Cloward en Ohlin: Differentiële opportuniteitsdenken..............................................................................33
6.4.6 Drie soorten subculturen (invloed van het straindenken!)........................................................................33
6.4.7 Beleidsimplicaties......................................................................................................................................34
Module 5: Wending in criminologische denken jaren ‘60-‘70........................................................................34
7. Symbolisch interactionisme...................................................................................................................... 34
7.1 George Herbert Mead..................................................................................................................................34
7.2 Herbert Blumer (1900-1987)........................................................................................................................35
7.2.1 Symbolisch interactionisme..................................................................................................................35
8. Labelling denken...................................................................................................................................... 35
8.1 Intellectuele context.....................................................................................................................................36
8.2 Kern en vertrekpunt = Symbolisch interactionisme......................................................................................36
8.2.1 Centraal = Symbolisch interactionisme.................................................................................................36
8.3 Labelling benadering....................................................................................................................................36
8.3.1 Labeling als resultaat van een maatschappelijke reactie.....................................................................36
8.3.2 Labeling als oorzaak van deviantie.......................................................................................................37
8.5 Evaluatie labelling denken............................................................................................................................37
8.6 Beleidsimplicaties.........................................................................................................................................38
9. Conflictperspectieven............................................................................................................................... 38
9.1 Conflict perspectief Marx........................................................................................................................ 38
9.1.1 Maatschappelijke context (60’-70’)...........................................................................................................39
9.1.2 Intellectuele context..................................................................................................................................39
9.1.3 “Radicale” conflict perspectieven in criminologisch denken.....................................................................40
9.1.4 Marxistisch (Conflict) perspectief..............................................................................................................40
1.4.1 Belangrijk begrip: criminalisering.........................................................................................................41
1.4.2 Belang van begrip: Hegemonie.............................................................................................................41
9.2 New Criminology (1973)......................................................................................................................... 42
9.2.1 New Criminology?.....................................................................................................................................42
2.1.1 Social theory of deviance (New criminology).......................................................................................43
9.2.2 New criminology: kritiek?..........................................................................................................................43
9.3 Kritische criminologie............................................................................................................................. 44
9.3.1 Kritische criminologie................................................................................................................................44
9.3.2 Determinerende (primaire) contexten:......................................................................................................44
9.3.3 Herdefiniëring in jaren ‘90........................................................................................................................44
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, 9.4 Anarchistische criminologie.................................................................................................................... 45
9.4.1 Culturele criminologie...............................................................................................................................46
Module 6: Reacties op de radicale school (= realisme)..................................................................................46
10. Realisme................................................................................................................................................ 46
Maatschappelijke context..................................................................................................................................46
10.1 Rechts realisme.................................................................................................................................... 47
10.2 Links realisme....................................................................................................................................... 47
10.2.1 Jock Young: Evoluties aan de basis Links Realisme.................................................................................48
10.2.2 Hedendaagse criminologische uitwerking..............................................................................................48
11. Neo-conservatief criminologisch denken.................................................................................................48
11.1. Actuarialisme...................................................................................................................................... 50
11.2. Administratieve criminologie............................................................................................................... 50
Module 7: Feminisme................................................................................................................................... 50
12. Feminisme en criminologisch denken..................................................................................................... 50
12.1 Maatschappelijke context..........................................................................................................................50
12.2 Feministisch perspectief = conflict perspectief...........................................................................................51
12.2.1 Hedendaagse relevantie?...................................................................................................................51
12.3 Criminologisch mainstream denken...........................................................................................................51
12.4 Heidensohn: Sociologische onzichtbaarheid van vrouwen in criminaliteit................................................52
12.4.1 Heidensohn over redenen criminologische onzichtbaarheid:............................................................52
12.5 Ontwikkeling van feministisch denken.......................................................................................................53
12.5.1 Feministische démarche.....................................................................................................................53
12.6 Feministische perspectief: 5 kernpunten....................................................................................................53
12.6.1 Bouwstenen van een feministisch criminologisch perspectief...........................................................54
12.7 Carol Smart: Women, crime and criminology (1976).................................................................................54
12.8 Verschillende feministische perspectieven.................................................................................................54
12.8.1 Feministische perspectieven...............................................................................................................55
12.8.2 Feministische methodologie?.............................................................................................................55
12.9 Gender? (Daly, 1997)..................................................................................................................................55
12.10 Hoe vrouw in criminaliteit begrijpen?......................................................................................................55
12.11 Feministische bijdrage aan criminologisch onderzoek.............................................................................56
12.12 Victimologisch perspectief.......................................................................................................................56
Module 8: Slachtofferschap en criminologisch denken..................................................................................56
13. Het victimologisch perspectief................................................................................................................ 56
13.1 Slachtoffer..................................................................................................................................................57
13.2 Dader & slachtoffer voorbij de evidentie....................................................................................................57
13.3 Problematisch begrip ‘slachtoffer’ = dubbelzinnigheid..............................................................................57
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