Summary

Samenvatting Onderzoekstraining

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Course
Onderzoekstraining (BPN1103)

Institution
Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam (EUR)

Optimaliseer je statistiek- en R-Studio kennis met deze cruciale samenvatting, afgestemd op de behoeften van premaster bedrijfskunde studenten aan de Erasmus Universiteit. Dit gedetailleerde document dient als de ultieme gids voor het vak Onderzoekstraining, met een speciale focus op de toepassing ...

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Uploaded on February 15, 2024
Number of pages 86
Written in 2021/2022
Type Summary

meetniveau variabelen
data visualisatie
causaal relatieschema
onderzoekshypothesen
populatie
steekproef
kwantitatief onderzoek
kwalitatief onderzoek
inferentiële statistiek
univariaat toetsen
neyman p

Institution
Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam (EUR)
Education
Premaster Bedrijfskunde
Course
Onderzoekstraining (BPN1103)

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Samenvatting Onderzoekstraining

1

, INHOUDSOPGAVE
INTRODUCTIE ................................................................................................................................................... 5
Wat is onderzoekstraining? ................................................................................................................................ 5
Wat staat er te wachten? ................................................................................................................................... 5

HOOFDSTUK 1: ONDERDELEN STATISTISCH ONDERZOEK ................................................................................. 6
Achtergrond van het vak .................................................................................................................................... 6
Keuze statistische methoden en technieken ....................................................................................................... 6
Meetniveau variabelen .................................................................................................................................. 6
Data visualisatie ............................................................................................................................................. 8
Bedrijfskundig en empirisch onderzoek .............................................................................................................. 9
Modellen............................................................................................................................................................. 9
Causaal relatieschema: .................................................................................................................................. 9
Formuleren onderzoekshypothesen: .......................................................................................................... 11
Causale basispatronen:................................................................................................................................ 11
Rol van modellen in onderzoek ................................................................................................................... 13

HOOFDSTUK 2: POPULATIE EN STEEKPROEF, BESCHRIJVENDE ANALYSE EN STATISTISCH SCHATTEN ............ 14
Populatie & steekproef ..................................................................................................................................... 14
Begrippen .................................................................................................................................................... 14
Steekproeffouten ........................................................................................................................................ 15
Beschrijvende analyse ...................................................................................................................................... 16
Kwantitatieve gegevens ............................................................................................................................... 16
Kwalitatieve gegevens ................................................................................................................................. 16
Rapporteren: grafieken & tabellen .............................................................................................................. 17
Inferentiële statistiek: basisconcepten ............................................................................................................. 18
Eigenschappen steekproefgrootheden ....................................................................................................... 18
Overzicht trekkingsverdelingen ................................................................................................................... 20
Inferentiële analyse: schatten .......................................................................................................................... 20
Begrippen en schattingsprobleem............................................................................................................... 20
Achtergrond intervalschatten en overzicht ................................................................................................. 21
Toepassingen intervalschatter: gemiddelde, variantie en proportie .......................................................... 22
Bijzonderheden schatten .................................................................................................................................. 22
Interpretatie van intervalschatters .............................................................................................................. 22
Nauwkeurigheid van intervalschatters ........................................................................................................ 22
Bepalen gewenste steekproefomvang n ..................................................................................................... 23

HOOFDSTUK 3: HYPOTHESEN TOETSEN ......................................................................................................... 24
Univariaat toetsen: idee ................................................................................................................................... 24
Toetsen: 7-stappenschema (Neyman-Pearson toetsprocedure) ...................................................................... 25
Overzicht toetsgrootheden en voorbeeld toets variantie ................................................................................. 27
Bijzonderheden toetsen .................................................................................................................................... 28
Rapportage .................................................................................................................................................. 28
Keuze significantieniveau a ......................................................................................................................... 28
Eenzijdig en tweezijdig toetsen ................................................................................................................... 29
Fisher’s p-waarde methode van toetsen ..................................................................................................... 29
Fout van de tweede soort............................................................................................................................ 30
Gewenste steekproefomvang ..................................................................................................................... 32

2

, Significantie en relevantie ........................................................................................................................... 32
Analyse samenhangen: overzicht methoden .................................................................................................... 33
Overzicht methoden en technieken ............................................................................................................ 33
Parametrische (niet verdelingsvrije) en niet-parametrische technieken (verdelingsvrije) ......................... 33
Technieken voor onafhankelijke en afhankelijke steekproeven ................................................................. 34
Werkwijze en aandachtspunten .................................................................................................................. 34
Analyse samenhangen: concepten ................................................................................................................... 35
Causaliteit en statistische samenhang......................................................................................................... 35
Definitie statistische onafhankelijkheid: ..................................................................................................... 35

HOOFDSTUK 4: BIVARIATE ANALYSE, KRUISTABEL ......................................................................................... 37
Onderzoek samenhang tussen twee kwalitatieve variabelen .......................................................................... 37
Achtergrond Pearson’s X2-grootheid onderzoek gegeven kansverdelingen .................................................... 37
Toepassing 1: Gegeven univariate verdeling ............................................................................................... 37
Toepassing 2: Gegeven bivariate verdeling ................................................................................................. 38
Toepassing Pearson’s X2-grootheid onderzoek onafhankelijkheid .................................................................. 40
Probleem bij onderzoek onafhankelijkheid ................................................................................................. 40
Toepassing 3: Onderzoek onafhankelijkheid ............................................................................................... 40
Kruistabel: Bijzonderheden ............................................................................................................................... 43
Analyse kruistabel in R................................................................................................................................. 43
Minimaal vereiste steekproefomvang ......................................................................................................... 44
Yates of continuïteitscorrectie .................................................................................................................... 45
Fisher’s exacte toets .................................................................................................................................... 46
Aard en mate van samenhang rapportage tussen twee kwalitatieve variabelen ....................................... 47

HOOFDSTUK 5: BIVARIATE ANALYSE, SPREIDINGSDIAGRAM, COVARIANTIE EN CORRELATIECOËFFICIËNT .... 49
Spreidingsdiagrammen (scatter plots) ............................................................................................................. 49
Steekproefcovariantie en Pearson’s correlatiecoëfficiënt ................................................................................ 50
Steekproefcovariantie (Cov): ....................................................................................................................... 50
Pearson’s correlatiecoëfficiënt: ................................................................................................................... 50
Achtergrond Pearson’s correlatiecoëffieciënt en toetsen ................................................................................ 51
Veronderstellingen en eigenschappen correlatiecoëfficiënt ...................................................................... 51
Toetsen statistische onafhankelijkheid ....................................................................................................... 51
Bijzonderheden Pearson’s correlatiecoëffieciënt ............................................................................................. 52
Pearson’s correlatiecoëffieciënt in computeruitvoer .................................................................................. 52
Aard en mate van samenhang, mate van verklaring, rapportage ............................................................... 54
Toetsen algemene hypothesen ................................................................................................................... 55
Niet-lineaire samenhangen ......................................................................................................................... 55
Invloed van uitbijters ................................................................................................................................... 56
Spearman’s rangcorrelatie: ......................................................................................................................... 56
Doorkruisendheid en partiële correlatie ........................................................................................................... 56
Waar en wanneer komt het voor? .............................................................................................................. 56
Onderzoek doorkruisendheid ...................................................................................................................... 57

HOOFDSTUK 6: BIVARIATE ANALYSE, T-TOETS............................................................................................... 59
Onderzoek van samenhang tussen een kwantitatieve en een dichotome (twee mogelijke uitkomsten)
kwalitatieve variabele ...................................................................................................................................... 59
T-toets: Theoretische achtergrond ................................................................................................................... 59
Onderzoek statistische onafhankelijkheid ........................................................................................................ 59
Veronderstellingen ...................................................................................................................................... 60

3

, Verschil tussen steekproefgemiddelde ....................................................................................................... 61
Verhouding van steekproefvarianties ......................................................................................................... 63
T-toets: toepassing ........................................................................................................................................... 63
Toetsen van gelijkheid van varianties:......................................................................................................... 64
Toetsen van gelijkheid van gemiddelden: ................................................................................................... 64
Schatten van verschillen tussen gemiddelden ............................................................................................ 64
T-toets: bijzonderheden .................................................................................................................................... 65
Toepassing in computeruitvoer (R) ............................................................................................................. 65
Aard en mate van samenhang, rapportage ................................................................................................. 66
Algemene vorm van T-toets ........................................................................................................................ 67
Afwijkingen normaliteit: verdelingsvrije toetsen: Mann-Whitney (Wilcoxon) ............................................ 68
Onafhankelijke en afhankelijke steekproeven ............................................................................................ 68

HOOFDSTUK 7: BIVARIATE ANALYSE, VARIANTIEANALYSE ............................................................................ 70
Idee variantieanalyse ....................................................................................................................................... 70
One-Way Anova: theoretische achtergrond ..................................................................................................... 70
Veronderstellingen ...................................................................................................................................... 70
Rekenvoorbeeld........................................................................................................................................... 72
Eigenschappen Anova F-grootheid .............................................................................................................. 72
Anova tabel.................................................................................................................................................. 73
One-Way Anova: toepassing ............................................................................................................................ 73
Toetsen hypothesen .................................................................................................................................... 73
Schatten paarsgewijze verschillen tussen populatiegemiddelden .............................................................. 73
Two-Way Anova ............................................................................................................................................... 76
Achtergrond ................................................................................................................................................. 76
Veronderstellingen ...................................................................................................................................... 77
Toepassing toetsen ...................................................................................................................................... 79
Variantieanalyse: bijzonderheden .................................................................................................................... 80
Uitvoeren variantieanalyse met R ............................................................................................................... 80
Aard en mate van samenhang, rapportage ................................................................................................. 81
Veronderstelde gelijkheid varianties ........................................................................................................... 81
Verdelingsvrije toetsen ................................................................................................................................ 83
Toetsen specifieke hypothesen ................................................................................................................... 83
Onafhankelijke en afhankelijke steekproeven ............................................................................................ 84

AANDACHTSPUNTEN ...................................................................................................................................... 85

4

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