These notes are for the Edexcel Geography 2016 Specification. They cover every key idea for every enquiry question in the 'Regenerating Places' topic (Topic 4A). I only used these notes to revise for my exams and managed to get an A.
, 4A.1: Variations in Inequalites In Pay
Economies
Classifcaton of Economies
•
•
The richest 1% in the UK accumulate the same amount of wealth as the poorest 55%.
The richest 5 families in the UK control 20% of the total wealth.
• Whereas the poorest 10% are experiencing falls in their real incomes. The number resortng to food banks is increasing. From 26,000 in
By Employment Sector:
2009 to over 900,000 in 2014.
• Primary – agriculture based
• Secondary – manufacture based
By employment sectors…
• Tertary – service based • Manufacturing (secondary sectors jobs) likely have lower pay then tertary, quaternary jobs.
• Quarternary – informaton based This is illustrated by the north- south split. The south relies less on manufacturing for the economy which means tat it was afected less by
• Quinary – high levels of decision making, concentrates on science, technology, engineering deindustrializaton and recession. Since 2008 the south east has 48% of output of the UK. This means that about ¼ of the populaton generates
and math
½ of the UK’s economic growth
By Type Of Employment:
Quality Of Life
• Part Time/Full Time (9 million part tme employees in 2015 in the UK)
The level of social and economic well-being experienced by individuals or communites measured by various indicators including health,
• Temporary/Permanent
happiness, educaton, income etc. It is a wider concept than standard of living which is centred on just wealth.
• Employed/Self Employed
Diferences In Economic Actiity The Clark Fisher Model Deindustrialisaton of the Steel Industry
• The Pre-Industrial Stage: a high amount of primary industries – • Natonally, steel employs 30,000 people, ofen in areas
These can be measured though health, life expectancy and educaton ofen with many working in farming with high unemployment rates
Health • The Industrial Stage: as manufacturing increases, the secondary • It supports many other manufacturers in the wider
• sector grows and the primary sector goes into decline
Health is linked to type of employment supply chain, including aerospace, defence and
• The Post Industrial Stage: tertary sector becomes the most
• Working long hours in manual jobs such as building and agriculture or prominent due to rising demand for services. Quartenary sector constructon
exposed to harmful chemicals and pollutants raises the risk of poorer also emerges • However, in 2015, Thai-owned SSI at Redcar, Teeside,
health and mortality closed with 2000 redundancies
• Health is also linked to geographical locaton • India’s TNC Tata shut Scunthorpe’s steel plant with 4500
• For example, inner cites are ofen ‘food deserts’ where cheap, processed, redundancies
takeaway foods dominates peoples choice • The branches of these TNCs were cut to reduce costs
Life Expectancy • Cheaper Chinese imports, high energy costs, green taxes
• Average life expectancy in the UK is 77 years for men and 81 years for and the strong pound were all factors
women. • As estmated, 4 other jobs will be lost for each steel
• However in Chelsea in London which has the highest rate of earnings in the worker redundancy as whole communites are afected
UK has rates of 80 and 85 years. Glasgow Efect on Life Expectancy (this is the negatve multplier efect)
• Glasgow has the lowest with average male life expectancy of 72.6.
• Poor health is linked to deprvaton • This demonstrates how original ‘winners’ may become
• Someone in Harrow is expected to live (on average) for 6 ‘losers’ from external processes
more years than those from Glasgow
Educaton • UK Life Expectancy is 77 for men and 81 for women
• Examinaton success is strongly linked to income levels. • Glasgow is also responsible for: highest death rate from The Oierheated South
• Only 31% of white working-class children living in poverty achieved 5 or heart diseases and most sick days • Deindustrialisaton has had a less severe impact on the
more GCSE grades from A to C. South of the UK who were less reliant on it
Skill: Locaton Quotent • This means that during the economic boom (1997-2007)
A fgure close to 1 suggests natonal and local paterns are the South generated 37% of the UK’s output
Key Terms quite similar with no specializaton such as manufacturing. A • This fgure grew to 48% in 2008
fgure over 1 shows concentraton in type of employment • This means that ¼ of the populaton is responsible for ½
Regeneraton • Long-term upgrading of existng places or more drastc of the country’s economic growth
renewal schemes for urban, residental, retail, industrial locally
and commercial areas, as well as rural areas.
• This sometmes includes conservaton to preserve a specifc
identty Postcode Lotery
• It is connected with rebranding, which focuses on place The uneven distributon of local personal health and health
marketng
services natonally, especially in terms of mental health,
cancer and care for the elderly
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