These notes are for the Edexcel Geography 2016 Specification. They cover every key idea for every enquiry question in the 'Globalisation' topic (Topic 3). I only used these notes to revise for my exams and managed to get an A.
, 3.1: The acceleration of
Globalisation Acceleraton in transport and trade
Globalisaton: A process of global integraton of economies, policies, products and Interrelatonship between transport & trade
other aspects of life • Improvements to communicaton and transport have helped trade improve o
• Since the 1880’s, global connectons have become: scale.
• Technological and transport progress make changes to the ways in which com
• Longer (Containerisaton allowing trade over longer distances)
operate.
• Deeper (Connectons with more secluded & poorer regions)
• Capitalist economies aim to increase profts by developing transport to global
• Faster (Internet speeds mean connecton is faster than ever before) • In order for trade to beneft internatonally, improvements need to be made t
Types of Globalisaton of goods.
• Transport innovatons include:
• Economic Globalisaton (TNC’s acceleratng trade, spreading of investment, ICT • Steam power, 1800’s (steam ships & trains)
developing online purchasing) • Railways, 1800’s (Trans-Siberian railway connected Moscow & China)
• Containerisaton, 1950’s (The ‘backbone’ of global economy & trade)
• Social Globalisaton (Internatonal migraton, improvements to • Jet Aircraf, 1960’s (Made trade much easier/quicker & providing a successful ind
health/educaton, greater social interconnectvity)
• Politcal Globalisaton (Introducton of trade blocs, IGO’s e.g. G20 & UN, Development of mobile phone & ICT use
Infuence of the World Bank & IMF) Shrinking World: The illusion that the world is smaller than it is based upon dev
& communicaton.
• Cultural Globalisaton (Dominaton of western culture e.g. Americanisaton, Time Space Compression: The increasing sense of connectvity that brings peop
greater cultural appreciaton) even though distances are the same.
Types of global fows & global networks • ICT innovatons include:
• Telephone/Telegraph (core tech for communicaton & revolutonized business)
• Commodites (Valuable raw materials such as fossil fuels & food, fuelled by low • Broadband & Fibre optcs (Owned/funded by government TNC’s, transfers data via c
producton costs in China) • GIS & GPS (24 GPS satellites are located in space providing contnuous broadcast of d
• Internet/Social media (Skype used to make business calls, Greater interconnectvity
• Capital (The fow of money through world stock markets, involving investment
banking & foreign exchange) How ICT has afected globalisaton
• Economically (Allows managers to keep in touch w/ branches, especially TNC
• Informaton (Brought real tme connectons and communicatons with the • Example: When M&S sells strawberries, the Kenyan producton branch is notfed
infuence of social networks) quantty of the next distributon
• Socially (improve social connectons & allow migrants to keep in touch with fa
• Tourists (Budget airlines have made travelling more regular and more countries
can now be reached) • Culturally (Cultural traits such as language & music can be imitated/hybridize
• Example: Psy spread K-Pop worldwide with over 1.8 billion views on YouTube)
• Migrants (Movement of people for work, stll many issues with immigraton & • Politcally (Use social networks to raise politcal awareness)
border control) • Positve Example: Greenpeace spread their messages via social media
• Negatve Example: ICT can be abused for politcal benefts (Cambridge Analytca)
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