BIO 106 Final Exam Study Guide Questions With 100% Correct Answers

BIO 106 Final Exam Study Guide Thinking about the nutrient cycles learned in the Ecology lectures, what are the key nutrients? - ANS Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorous From which reservoir do plants obtain each these nutrients? Where/how do animals obtain these nutrients? - ANS Carbon - reservoir - fossil fuels, soils, sediments of aquatic ecosystems, oceans, plant and animal biomass, the atmosphere (photosynthesis) Nitrogen - reservoir - 78% atmosphere, soils and sediments of lake rivers and oceans, surface and ground water, biomass of living organisms (roots) Phosphorus - reservoir - sedimentary rocks of marine organ, soil, ocean (dissolved form, in organisms (in body) Which macromolecules are key components of the diet (the ones you tested for in Lab 9)? (You don't have to know the tests themselves) - ANS 1. Sugars 2. Starch 3. Protein 4. Lipids What are the relationships between type of diet and features of the digestive tract in mammals? (Review animal module labs for this). - ANS Carnivores - small Cecum, short intestinal length Herbivores - large cecum, long intestinal length Omnivores - combination of the above Surface area to volume ratio - related high surface area to volume ratios to movement of molecules. Identify systems that utilize this to efficient transfer. - ANS The respiratory system/ tracheal system uses this ration because the larger the surface area to volume ration the easier it is to diffuse through Circulation of gases and nutrients in animals. Know the basic path of the circulatory system and the direction of net movement of these key molecules. - ANS Two types of circulation -open and closed Open (hemolymph) - gas exchange is not tied to hemolymph aka blood (spiracles and trachea) Closed -arteries away -Viens toward -capillary branch and capillary beds converge into veins Single Circulation (Atrium - ventricle - artery - capillary bed in gills - capillary bed in body tissues - veins - ventricle -atrium) Double Circulation (RA-RV-Capillary in lungs- Vein to heart - LA-LV - artery to body tissues - capillary beds in body tissues - veins back to the heart -RA) Describe the action potential as an example of this in animals - what is the role of Na+, K+, and Ca2+? - ANS 1. Resting Potential i. Inactive Na+ gates are open ii. Active Na+ and K+ gates are closed 2. Depolarization i. some activation Na+ gates are open 3. Repolarization i. some inactive Na+ gates are closed ii. some activation K+ are open 4. Hyperpolarization (Refracotry Phase) i. inactive and active Na+ gates are closed ii. active K+ gates are open (Na+ and K+ are moving in and out while Ca2+ is what allows the neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft) Describe the control of muscle contraction - what is the role of Ca2+? - ANS Step 1. neuromuscular control - the axons of the nerve cells of the spinal cord branch and attach to each muscle fiber forming neuromuscular junction i. action potential passes down the nerve ii. the nerve releases Ca2+ that results in the release of AcH (acetylcholine) Step 2. ACh binds with the sarcolemma Step 3. Muscle Fiber Action Potential i. Ash binds with receptors and opens Na+ channels (Na+ channels open and it rushes in and decrease in action potential) ii. Na+ rushes in and the sarcolemma depolarizes iii. the regional depolarization spreads rapidly iv. the K+ channels open and the region repolarizes Step 4. Ca2+ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (binding to tropic and removing the action block of tropomyosin) Step 5. Sliding Filament Theory of Contraction i. Myosin head attaches to actin (ADP and P) ii. Power stroke ; myosin head pivots pulling the actin filament toward the center iii. the cross bridge detaches when a new ATP binds to the myosin Iv. cocking of the myosin head occurs when ATP - ADP and P. another cross bridge can form Step 6. Ca2+ is removed form the cytoplasm Step 7. Tropomyosin blocks the actin site Describe the control of fertilization - what is the role of Na+and Ca2+? - ANS Acrosomal Reaction (sperm) 1. Contact triggers release of enzymes - digest jelly coat 2. proteins on sperm head bind ovum membrane proteins 3. sperm cell and ovum cell fuse causing changes inside ovum 4. sperm head breaks from tail and enters ovum cytoplasm Blocks to polyspermy: 1. Fast block: - sperm binding triggers Na+ channels to open - Na+ rushes in causing deoplarization - other sperm cannot bind 2. slow block - cortical reaction Cortical Reaction (egg) 1. fusion of sperm and egg causes Ca2+ release (cortical granules move to egg cell membrane) 2. enzymes break bond between cell membrane and vitellius envelope 3. water leaks in - raises fertilization membrane away from egg. also dissolves sperm binding proteins Describe oxygen exchange in the blood of fish gill as an example of this. - ANS - gills are divided into flattened filaments (increased SA:Vol ratio) - countercurrent flow between water and blood vessels in each filament - gasses are flowing down the concentration gradient with countercurrent flow, the O2 blood is more saturated Describe the role of the interstitial osmolarity as an example of this in the mammalian nephron (the loop of Henle). - ANS 1. in the ascending loop, the active reabsorption of ions and the impermeable to water, causes the interstitial fluid to be hyper osmotic relative to the fluid inside the tube. 2. In the descending loop, these cells don't allow ions to leave the filtrate, but water can leave freely so there is a high osmolarity created and the filtrate is more concentrated Describe the main sequence of events in the traditional model of primary succession - ANS o Exposed bare rock - lichens and mosses - grasses, herbs, shrubs, and tree seedlings - fast growing trees - slower growing trees o The community evolves as new species change the conditions present, they provide a habitat for new arrivals. Consumers arrive as resources become available and new species outcompete existing species. o Complex interactions tie the community into a dynamic unit o Disturbances can push a community back to an earlier stage. What are the mechanisms by which soil formation occurs? - ANS Mosses and lichens break down rock releasing nutrients then capture and create nutrient-rich matter What is the role of mosses and lichens in the traditional model? - ANS Mosses and lichens break down rock releasing nutrients to start the process of soil formation. What are the mechanisms by which soil formation occurs? What factors increase nutrients in the developing soil? - ANS Mosses and lichens break down rock releasing nutrients then capture and create nutrient-rich matter What is "facilitation" and how does it play out over time? - ANS Facilitation: an interaction in which one species has a positive effect on the survival and reproduction of another species without the intimate association of symbiosis What is "degredative succession"? (from lab) - ANS A succession that occurs on dead organic matter over a relatively short time-scale (months to years). Detritivores feed in sequence, each group releasing nutrients that are utilized by the next group in the sequence until the resources are exhausted. How can insects be used to determine the post-mortem interval of a corpse? (from lab) - ANS By what insect are seen on the corpse and the average size of the insect or maggot. What is the path of energy flowing through an ecosystem (starting with solar energy)? - ANS Starts from the sun, to primary producers, primary consumers, then to detritus or secondary and tertiary consumers, then microorganisms and other detritivores. All of these except detritus lose heat. Name the trophic levels and how energy is transferred between them. Be sure to include detritivores and decomposers. - ANS 1. Tertiary consumer 2. Secondary consumer 3. Primary Consumer 4. Primary Producer 5. Decomposers and Detritivores (All tropic levels get energy from the decomposers and detritivores and then to primary producer, primary consumer and then on.) In what ways is energy lost as it travels through the ecosystem? How much energy is lost between trophic levels? - ANS Energy is lost as it travels through the ecosystem by respiration and contained in feces, organic material in a lower tropic level that is not consumed by the next trophic level. If 10% of available energy is transferred from primary producer to primary consumer, 10% of that energy is transferred to secondary consumers, then only 1% of net primary production is available to secondary consumers. 10% of the energy is lost each time it transferred from one tropic level to the next. When organisms take in energy, how is it allocated between maintenance, growth and reproduction? Relate this to life history traits. - ANS Development, physiology, and behavior What types of molecules use C, N, and P? - ANS Used to make carbohydrates, proteins, DNA, and cell membrane. Carbon Cycle (fast cycle) - ANS 1. CO2 Gas 2. C6H12O6 in plants (glucose) Plants take it up via photosynthesis and use it to make tissue 3. Cycles through biosphere via consumption by herbivores 4. either goes directly back to CO2 gas, or return via respiration to CO2 gas, or it is passed around biosphere via consumption and then return via respiration Carbon Cycle (slow cycle-terrestrial) - ANS 1. CO2 Gas 2. Enters biosphere via photosynthesis 3. either living things die and get buried/ compressed (a.) or It is used to make wood (cellulose) (b.) 1a. underground fossil fuels 2a combustion 3a CO2 gas 1b combustion 2b CO2 gas Reservoirs where large quantities of carbon are stored - ANS fossile fuels, wood, atmosphere Nitrogen Cycle - ANS LOOK IN NOTES Phosphorous Cycle What is the main reservoir for Phosphorus? - ANS Sedimentary rocks of marine origin and in soil. Identify the stimulus, the source tissue, the target tissue and the response of the target tissue to the hormones. Insulin - ANS High blood glucose levels taken in by pancreas, insulin released by Beta Cells of Pancreas, fat cells take in glucose from blood, normal blood glucose levels Identify the stimulus, the source tissue, the target tissue and the response of the target tissue to the hormones. Glucagon - ANS Low blood glucose, glucagon released by Alpha Cells of pancreas, liver releases glucose into blood, normal blood glucose levels Identify the stimulus, the source tissue, the target tissue and the response of the target tissue to the hormones. Parathyroid hormone - ANS The parathyroid glands are four small glands that have the sole purpose of secreting parathyroid hormone to regulate the calcium level in our bodies. Helps nervous and muscular systems function properly. -PTH regulates how much calcium is absorbed from your idet, how much calcium is excreted by your kidneys, and how much calcium is stored in your bones -We store pounds of calcium in out bones and it is readily available to the rest of the body at the request of the parathyroid glands. What is a "community"? - ANS A group consisting of many species organized by interactions. Species are interdependent. Who gets harmed, who benefits in each type of interaction? - ANS • Mutualism (prey and predatory benefit from interaction) • Consumption (one benefits and one is harmed by interaction. Includes: predation, parasitism, herbivory) • Competition (both are harmed by interaction - but one harmed more than the other) What is a niche? - ANS The position or function or an organism in a community of plants and animals What is the difference between fundamental vs. realized niches? - ANS As a result of competition, a species' fundamental niche, which is the niche potentially occupied by that species is often different from its realized niche, the portion of its fundamental niche that it actually occupies. Distinguish between these special roles that species can play -Dominant vs. Keystone species - ANS Dominant species in a community are the species that are the most abundant or that collectively have the highest biomass. Keystone species are not usually abundant in a community. They exert strong control on community structure but not by numerical might. What are the trophic levels in a food chain/web? - ANS Primary producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, quaternary consumers What resources are transferred from one trophic level to the next? - ANS 10% of energy is transferred. Producers get energy through photosynthesis. Consumers get energy/nutrient by eating others. Detritivores and decomposers get energy/nutrients by eating dead tissue Which nutrients can be limiting factors for a community? - ANS Nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus Predation-avoidance adaptations including camouflage, toxicity+warning coloration, Batesian mimicry, masquerade (from the last lecture). - ANS • Predation can be an important cause of density-dependent mortality if a predator captures more food as the population density of the prey increases. As a prey population builds up, predators may also feed preferentially on that species. • Mechanical or chemical defenses protect species. Animals with effective chemical defenses often exhibit bright aposematic coloration, or warning coloration. Such coloration seems to be adaptive because predators often avoid brightly colored prey. Cryptic coloration, or camouflage, makes prey difficult to see. Some prey species are protected by their resemblance to other species. In batesian mimicry, a palatable or harmless species mimics a harmful one. In Mullerian mimicry, two or more harmful species resemble each other. Draw or interpret a graph showing exponential growth of a population. - ANS Exponential growth is j-shaped Under what conditions do populations experience exponential growth? - ANS More births than deaths What symbol is used for it? - ANS J curve Draw or interpret a graph showing logistic growth of a population. - ANS Logistic growth is s-shaped What conditions lead to the leveling-off of the curve? - ANS Limited resources are available and intraspecific competition occurs. Intraspecific competition is when individuals within a population who are more or less better adapted for the environment compete for survival. What is "carrying capacity"? What symbol is used for it? - ANS The population size that the environment can support. The symbol for carrying capacity is K What are some density-dependent limits on population growth? - ANS Factors that limit the growth of populations more strongly at high densities than at low densities. Water and food availability, safe living areas. What are some density-independent limits on population growth? Distinguish between these terms. - ANS Factors that don't care about the size of the population. Such as natural disturbances (fires, floods), poor weather conditions, storms/extreme weather events, environmental pollutants Every organism has a limited amount of energy. How is energy allocated toward cell maintenance, growth and reproduction? What is the vast majority of it used for in individuals? - ANS • Allocated toward cell maintenance, growth and reproduction is determined by how fast a population is growing • The vast majority of energy is used for cell function Which combinations of traits are associated with equilibrial (K-selected) life history strategies? - ANS The combinations are for maximizing competition for limited resources Which combinations of traits are associated with opportunistic (r-selected) life history strategies? - ANS The combinations are for maximizing rapid population growth Body size of female - ANS Opportunistic (r)- small equilibrial (K)- large • Clutch size (number of eggs at a time: - ANS Opportunistic (r)- many equilibrial (K)- few • Size of eggs and offspring - ANS opportunistic (r)- large equilibrial (K)- small • Number of reproductions per lifetime - ANS opportunistic (r)- few equilibrial (K)- many • Age at first reproduction - ANS opportunistic (r)- early equilibrial (K)- late • Maturation time of off spring - ANS : opportunistic (r)- fast equilibrial (K)- slow • Mortality rates of young offspring - ANS : opportunistic (r)- low equilibrial (K)- high • Parental care - ANS : opportunistic (r)- present equilibiral (K)- absent • Dispersal capabilities of offspring - ANS opportunistic (r)- good equilibrial (K)- poor Interpret graphs of survivorship curves, population age structure, life history tables. Type I curve - ANS usually K selected. Survival is high at all ages and death is typical at old age. A negative exponential graph, starts high and straight and then drops off. Interpret graphs of survivorship curves, population age structure, life history tables. Type II curve: - ANS : even chance of death at any age. A linear downward shaped graph Interpret graphs of survivorship curves, population age structure, life history tables. Type III curve - ANS high infant mortality, if you make it past infancy you have a good chance of surviving until old age. Graph shows sudden drop and then almost level with a slight decline after that.