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Samenvatting Samenvattende nota's chemische en biomedische analyse

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Chemische en biomedische analyse (D013080B)

Institution
Universiteit Gent (UGent)

Grondige nota's van het vak chemische en biomedische analyse onderwezen door professor Peter van Eenoo. Samenvatting gebaseerd op hoorcolleges, Powerpoint en boek. Geslaagd in eerste zit.

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Uploaded on February 17, 2024
Number of pages 111
Written in 2023/2024
Type Summary

notas
cursus
biomedische
biomedische wetenschappen
bmw
d013080
d013080b
samenvatting
chemische en biomedische analyse

Institution
Universiteit Gent (UGent)
Education
Biomedische Wetenschappen
Course
Chemische en biomedische analyse (D013080B)

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CHEMISCHE EN BIOMEDISCHE ANALYSE
Inhoud
1. Inleiding..............................................................................................................................................6
1.1 Instrumentele analytische chemie................................................................................................6
1.2 De analytische benadering...........................................................................................................8
2. Algemene principes van de spectroscopie........................................................................................11
2.1 Interactie tussen elektromagnetische straling en materie..........................................................11
2.2 Atoom- en molecuulspectroscopie.............................................................................................13
2.3 Absorptiewetten.........................................................................................................................13
2.4 Monochromators of golflengteselectie.......................................................................................14
3. Nucleair magnetische resonantie.....................................................................................................16
3.1 Inleiding......................................................................................................................................16
3.2 Opname van het NMR-spectrum................................................................................................18
3.3 Relaxatieprocessen.....................................................................................................................19
3.4 Instrumentatie............................................................................................................................19
3.5 Chemische shift...........................................................................................................................20
3.6 Hyperfijnstructuur: spin-spin koppeling......................................................................................21
3.7 Toepassing van NMR...................................................................................................................22
4. Infraroodspectroscopie.....................................................................................................................23
4.1 Absorptie van IR-straling door moleculen...................................................................................23
4.2 Instrumentatie............................................................................................................................25
4.3 onderdelen van de IR spectrometer...........................................................................................26
4.4 monsteranalysetechnieken.........................................................................................................27
4.5 toepassingen...............................................................................................................................28
5. UV/Vis absorptiespectroscopie.........................................................................................................29
5.1 Principe.......................................................................................................................................29
5.2 Elektronenspectra van moleculen...............................................................................................29
5.3 Lichtabsorptie door moleculen...................................................................................................29
5.4 Absorptiecurven.........................................................................................................................30
5.5 Instrumentatie............................................................................................................................30
5.6 Toepassingen van UV/VIS spectrofotometrie..............................................................................33
5.7 Visuele colorimetrie....................................................................................................................34
5.8 Kwantitatieve bepaling in het UV/VIS.........................................................................................34
5.9 Multicomponent analyse (MCA).................................................................................................34

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,6. Fluorimetrie......................................................................................................................................35
6.1 Principe.......................................................................................................................................35
6.2 Verband tussen fluorescentie en concentratie...........................................................................35
6.3 Instrumentatie............................................................................................................................36
6.4 Toepassingen..............................................................................................................................36
6.5 Chemiluminiscentie = CL.............................................................................................................37
6.6 Lichtverstrooiing: turbidimetrie en nefelometrie........................................................................37
7. Atomaire absorptiespectroscopie.....................................................................................................39
7.1 Absorptie van straling door atomen...........................................................................................39
7.2 Instrumentatie............................................................................................................................39
7.3 Niet-specifieke absorptie............................................................................................................41
7.4 Interferenties..............................................................................................................................42
7.5 Concentratiebepaling..................................................................................................................42
7.6 Toepassingen..............................................................................................................................43
8. Atomaire emissiespectroscopie........................................................................................................44
8.1 Atomaire emissiespectra.............................................................................................................44
8.2 Vlamfotometrie..........................................................................................................................44
8.3 Inductief gekoppeld plasma = ICP...............................................................................................45
8.4 Gehyfeneerde technieken...........................................................................................................46
8.5 Toepassingen..............................................................................................................................46
9. X-straalspectroscopie........................................................................................................................47
9.1 X-straalspectra............................................................................................................................47
9.2 X-straalmethoden.......................................................................................................................48
Absorptie van X-stralen.....................................................................................................................48
X-straalfluorescentie.........................................................................................................................48
Diffractie van X-stralen......................................................................................................................49
9.3 X-straal generators......................................................................................................................49
9.3 X-straal fluorescentiespectrometers...........................................................................................49
9.5 Kwalitatieve en kwantitatieve analyse met XRF..........................................................................53
9.6 X-straalkristallografie..................................................................................................................55
10. Massaspectroscopie.......................................................................................................................57
10.1 Principe.....................................................................................................................................57
10.3 Het massaspectrum..................................................................................................................58
10.4 Monsterintroductietechnieken.................................................................................................58
10.5 Instrumentatie: ionisatie...........................................................................................................59
10.6 Instrumentatie: massa-analysator............................................................................................61

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, 10.7 Performantie van massaspectrometers....................................................................................63
10.8 Instrumentatie: iondetectoren..................................................................................................63
10.9 Toepassingen............................................................................................................................64
11. Elektrochemische methoden..........................................................................................................65
12. Conductometrie..............................................................................................................................66
12.1 Elektrische geleidbaarheid........................................................................................................66
12.2 Bepaling van de conductiviteit..................................................................................................67
12.3 Moleculaire conductiviteit........................................................................................................67
12.4 Toepassingen............................................................................................................................68
13. Potentiometrie................................................................................................................................69
13.1 Algemene principes..................................................................................................................69
13.2 De pH-elektrode.......................................................................................................................70
13.3 Ionselectieve elektroden...........................................................................................................70
13.4 Potentiometrische methoden...................................................................................................71
14. Voltametrie-Polarografie................................................................................................................73
14.1 Algemene principes micro-elektrolyse......................................................................................73
14.2 Werkelektroden........................................................................................................................74
14.3 De diffusiestroom.....................................................................................................................75
14.4 Gelijkstroommethoden.............................................................................................................75
14.5 Pulspolarografie........................................................................................................................77
14.5 Stripping voltametrie................................................................................................................77
14.6 Voltametrie als detectiemethode.............................................................................................78
15. Coulometrie....................................................................................................................................79
15.1 Principe.....................................................................................................................................79
15.2 Karl Fischer methode voor de bepaling van water....................................................................80
16. Algemene principes van de chromatografie...................................................................................81
16.1 Inleiding....................................................................................................................................81
16.2 Indeling van de chromatografische technieken........................................................................81
16.3 Het chromatogram....................................................................................................................83
16.4 Het theoretische plaatmodel....................................................................................................84
16.5 Retentieparameters..................................................................................................................85
16.6 Scheidingsfactor tussen 2 componenten..................................................................................86
16.7 Piekresolutie.............................................................................................................................86
16.8 Kolomvariantie..........................................................................................................................86
16.9 Extra kolomvariantie.................................................................................................................88
16.10 Optimalisatie van de chromatografische analyse....................................................................88

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, 16.11 Ontwikkelen van een chromatogram......................................................................................89
16.12 Kwalitatieve en kwantitatieve chromatografische analyse......................................................89
17. Gaschromatografie.........................................................................................................................90
17.1 De gaschromatograaf................................................................................................................90
17.2 Draaggas en debietregeling......................................................................................................90
17.3 Injectiesystemen.......................................................................................................................90
17.4 Kolomtyypes.............................................................................................................................92
17.5 Vloeibare stationaire fasen (GLC)..............................................................................................92
17.6 Vaste stationaire fasen (GSC)....................................................................................................93
17.7 Detectiesystemen.....................................................................................................................93
17.8 Derivisatie van verbindingen.....................................................................................................96
17.9 Kovats retentie index................................................................................................................96
18. Hoge druk vloeistofchromatografie (HPLC).....................................................................................97
18.1 Pompen en gradiëntelutie........................................................................................................97
18.2 Injectors....................................................................................................................................98
18.3 Kolommen................................................................................................................................98
18.4 Stationaire fasen.......................................................................................................................98
18.5 Detectoren................................................................................................................................99
19. Ionchromatografie (IC)..................................................................................................................103
19.1 Mobiele fasen.........................................................................................................................103
19.2 Stationaire fasen.....................................................................................................................103
19.3 Het scheidingsprincipe............................................................................................................104
19.4 Detectoren..............................................................................................................................104
20. Exclusie chromatografie................................................................................................................105
20.1 Principe...................................................................................................................................105
20.2 Stationaire fasen.....................................................................................................................105
20.3 Instrumentatie........................................................................................................................106
20.4 Toepassingen..........................................................................................................................106
21. Elektroforetische technieken........................................................................................................107
21.1 Principe van de elektroforese.................................................................................................107
21.2 Elektroforetische en elektro-osmotische mobiliteit................................................................107
21.3 Zone-elektroforese.................................................................................................................108
21.4 Capillaire vrije-zone elektroforese (CZE).................................................................................109
21.5 Micellaire elektrokinetische capillaire chromatografie (MEKC)...............................................109
21.6 Capillaire gelelektroforese (CGE)............................................................................................110
21.7 Capillaire iso-elektrische focusering (CIEF).............................................................................110

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