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ADVANCED LEVEL PHYSICS
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ADVANCED LEVEL Physics (CBC) Syllabus
S5MPG & S5MPC
PREPARED BY JEAN BAPTISTE UWIZEYIMANA
,TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. ................................ 6
1.1 Planck’s quantum theory ............................................................................................................................. ....... 6
1.2. Photon theory of light and photoelectric effect ........................................................................................... 8
1.3. Wave theory of (monochromatic light). ........................................................................................................ 10
1.5. Properties of light waves .................................................................................................................................. 10
1.6: Nature and Characteristics of light as waves ............................................................................................ 12
1.7. Blackbody radiation .......................................................................................................................................... 13
1.8: Energy, mass and momentum of a photon ................................................................................................ 14
1.9: Compton Effect and photon interactions ................................................................................................... 14
1.10: Wave particle duality of light........................................................................................................................ 17
1.10. The principle of complementarities ............................................................................................................ 17
1.11. The wave nature of matter ............................................................................................................................ 18
1.12. Electron microscope ........................................................................................................................................ 18
1.13. End of unit questions .................................................................................................................................. 22
.................................................................................................... .........................................
24
UNIT 2. SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (SHM) ......................................................................................... 24
2.1. Kinematics and dynamics of simple harmonic motion .......................................................................... 24
2.2. Example of simple harmonic oscillators ..................................................................................................... 31
2.4. Energy exchanges and its conservation in oscillating systems. ......................................................... 41
2.5. Superposition of Parallel harmonic motions with same frequency .................................................... 43
2.6. Superposition of parallel harmonic motions with slightly different frequencies (beats) ............. 47
2.7. End of unit questions........................................................................................................................................ 48
UNIT 3: FORCED OSCILLATIONS AND RESONANCE OF A SYSTEM.............................................. 52
3.0. General introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 52
3.1. Damped oscillations .......................................................................................................................................... 53
3.2. Types of damped oscillations (lightly, heavily and critically damped oscillations) ....................... 55
3.3. Natural frequency of vibration and Forced oscillations ......................................................................... 56
3.4. Equation of forced oscillations and its solutions ..................................................................................... 58
3.5. Variation of forced frequency on graph at amplitude close to natural frequency of vibration. 58
3.6. Resonance ............................................................................................................................................................. 59
3.7. End of unit questions........................................................................................................................................ 61
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, UNIT4: PROPAGATION OF MECHANICAL WAVES................................................................................. 64
4.1. The concept of waves ............................................................................................................................. ........... 64
4.2. Types of waves ............................................................................................................................. ........................ 64
4.3. Wave terms and characteristics of waves ................................................................................................... 67
4.5. Progressive wave .................................................................................................................................... ............. 75
4.6. Stationary or standing waves ......................................................................................................................... 77
4.7. End unit questions ............................................................................................................................................ 80
UNIT5: COMPLEX ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT................................................................................................. 82
5.0: Introduction. ........................................................................................................................................................ 82
5.1. Kirchhoff’s laws (Junction rule and loop rule). ........................................................................................ 82
5.2. Design of complex and simple electrical circuits. .................................................................................... 85
5.3: Resistors and electromotive forces in series and parallel complex circuits. .................................. 85
5.4. Simple potentiometer circuits ........................................................................................................................ 86
5.5. Measurement of current by potentiometer ................................................................................................ 89
5.6 Advantages ............................................................................................................................................................. 90
5.6.1. Advantages of Potentiometer .................................................................................................... 90
5.6.2. Disadvantages of Potentiometer ............................................................................................... 90
5.7. End of units question .................................................................................................................................... 91
UNIT 6: FOSSIL AND NON-FOSSIL FUEL AND POWER PRODUCTION........................................ 100
6.1. Fossil fuels .......................................................................................................................................................... 100
6.2. No fossil fuel ....................................................................................................................................................... 110
6.3. End of unit question ........................................................................................................................................ 117
UNIT 7: ELECTRIC FIELD POTENTIAL AND GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ................................ 119
7.1. Work done on moving charge from infinity at a point and electric potential energy of the test
charge. .......................................................................................................................................................................... 119
7.2. Electric potential energy due to a point charge. .................................................................................... 120
7.3. Electric potential energy of several point charges ................................................................................. 120
7.4. Electric field and electric potential due to a point charge. ................................................................. 121
7.5. Electric potential energy and electric potential difference .................................................................. 122
7.6. Equipotential lines and equipotential surfaces. ..................................................................................... 124
7.7. Potential due to electric dipole ..................................................................................................................... 125
7.8. Conservation of electrical energy ................................................................................................................ 126
7.9. Application .......................................................................................................................................................... 126
7.10. Gravitational field and gravitational potential. .................................................................................... 134
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, 7.11. Escape Velocity for a planet. ...................................................................................................................... 137
7.12. Energy conservation in gravitational fields ........................................................................................... 137
7.13. End of unit question ..................................................................................................................................... 138
UNIT 8: MOTION IN ORBITS........................................................................................................................ 143
8.1. Newton’s law of gravitation. .......................................................................................................................... 143
8.2. Kepler’s Laws of planetary motion. ............................................................................................................. 145
8.3. Verification of kepler’s third law of planetary motion. ......................................................................... 146
8.4. Acceleration due to gravity at the surface of the earth ........................................................................ 147
8.5. Variation of acceleration of gravitation with height .............................................................................. 148
8.6. Variation of g with depth ............................................................................................................................... 149
8.7. Variation of ‘g’ due to shape of Earth ........................................................................................................ 151
8.8. Satellites .............................................................................................................................................................. 152
8.9. Orbital velocity of satellite. ............................................................................................................................ 158
8.10. Time period of satellite. ................................................................................................................................ 160
8.10. Height of satellite ........................................................................................................................................... 161
8.11. Energy of satellite .......................................................................................................................................... 161
8.12. Rockets .............................................................................................................................................................. 164
8.13. Cosmic velocity (First, second and third) ............................................................................................... 166
8.14. Work done in planetary motion. ............................................................................................................... 167
8.15. End of unit 8 questions ............................................................................................................................... 168
UNIT9: ATOMIC MODELS AND PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT............................................................. 169
9.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 169
9.2. Structure of atom by Plum pudding model by JJ Thomson ........................................................... 169
9.3. Rutherford’s atomic model ......................................................................................................................... 170
9.4. Bohr’s atomic model ........................................................................................................................................ 172
9.5. Energy levels and formation of spectral lines ......................................................................................... 175
9.8.Thermionic emission (thermo electronic emission) ................................................................................ 182
9.9. Photoelectric effect ........................................................................................................................................... 183
9.11. End of unit questions. .................................................................................................................................. 193
UNIT 10: ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNALS. ........................................................................................... 197
10.0. Introduction. .................................................................................................................................................... 197
10.1. Elements of communication. ..................................................................................................................... 198
10.2. Types of information and requirements. ................................................................................................ 199
10.3. Simplex transmission ................................................................................................................................... 200
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