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Summary

Summary for the 2024 UvA Biomedical Sciences entrance test.

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  • Module
  • De Cel
  • Institution
  • Universiteit Van Amsterdam (UvA)
  • Book
  • Essential Cell Biology

I took the admission test twice and became number 12 both times with this summary. First time I made it, refined it the second time. It is a comprehensive summary with a very short summary of a few sentences after each topic. Good luck with the exam fighters!!

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Document information

  • No
  • Hoofdstuk 16
  • February 18, 2024
  • 26
  • 2023/2024
  • Summary

Subjects

  • toelatingstoest
  • de cel
  • cell signaling
  • enzyme coupled receptors
  • gpcr
  • uva
  • g protein coupled receptors

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  • Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA)
  • Biomedische wetenschappen
  • De Cel
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‭Chapter 16: Cell signalling‬

‭Made by Madelief van Berkel‬

‭Toelating Biomedische Wetenschappen 2023‬




I‭ n this chapter, some of the important mechanisms by which cells send signals‬
‭and interpret received signals, are discussed:‬


‭-‬ F ‭ irst‬‭→Overview of the general principles of cell‬
‭signalling‬
‭-‬ ‭Second‬‭→G-protein-coupled receptors‬
‭-‬ ‭Third‬‭→Enzyme-coupled receptors.‬

, ‭1.‬‭General principles of cell‬
‭signalling‬

‭ ommunication frequently involves converting the signals that carry information‬
C
‭from one form to another. →‬‭signal transduction.‬‭In‬‭typical communication‬
‭between cells, the‬‭signalling cell‬‭produces a type‬‭of‬‭extracellular signal molecule‬
‭that is detected by the‬‭target cell‬‭. Most animal‬‭cells can both act as signalling‬
‭cells and target cells. Target cells have proteins called receptors that recognize‬
‭and respond to the signal molecule.‬
‭Signal transduction‬‭begins when the receptor on a‬‭target cell receives an‬
‭incoming extracellular signal and converts it to the‬‭intracellular signal molecule‬‭s‬
‭that alter cell behaviour.‬

‭-‬ ‭Cell signalling‬‭→signal reception and transduction.‬


‭Signals can act over a long or short range.‬
‭ here are many different types of extracellular signal molecules. Proteins,‬
T
‭peptides, amino acids, nucleotides, steroids, fatty acid derivatives, dissolved gases.‬
‭They all rely on basic styles of communication.‬
‭1)‬ ‭Endocrine signalling →‬‭Most public cell-to-cell‬
‭communication involves broadcasting the signal‬
‭throughout the whole body by secreting it into‬
‭the bloodstream (or the plants' sap). In this case,‬
‭the extracellular signal molecules are‬‭hormones‬‭.‬
‭endocrine cells‬‭produce hormones.‬

‭2)‬ P
‭ aracrine signalling‬ ‭→the signal molecules‬
‭diffuse locally through the extracellular fluid.‬
‭They remain close to the cell that secretes them. Thus, they act as‬‭local‬
‭mediators‬‭on nearby cells. Signal molecules that regulate‬‭inflammation at‬
‭the site of an infection or that control‬
‭proliferation (multiplying) in a healing wound‬
‭do this. Sometimes cells can respond to their‬
‭own local mediators →‬‭autocrine signalling‬‭.‬
‭Cancer cells can promote their own survival‬
‭and proliferation like this.‬

, ‭3)‬ N
‭ euronal signalling‬‭. A message is not broadcast‬
‭widely but‬‭delivered quickly and specifically through‬
‭private lines. The axon of a neuron terminates at‬
‭specialised junctions (synapses) on target cells that‬
‭can lie far from the neuronal cell body. A neuron‬
‭sends electrical impulses up to 100m/sec. On‬
‭reaching the axon terminal, these electrical signals‬
‭are converted into a chemical form. Each electrical‬
‭impulse stimulates the nerve terminal to release a‬
‭pulse of an extracellular signal molecule→‬
‭neurotransmitter‬‭.‬

‭4)‬ C
‭ ontact-dependent.‬‭This is the most intimate and short-range‬‭of all. It does‬
‭not require the release of a secreted molecule. Cells make direct physical‬
‭contact through signal molecules lodged in the plasma membrane of the‬
‭signalling cell and receptor proteins embedded in the‬
‭plasma membrane of the target cell.‬

‭ uring embryonic development, this method allows‬
D
‭adjacent (aangrenzend) cells that are initially similar‬
‭to become specialised to form different cell types‬
‭→‬‭lateral inhibition‬‭.‬




‭ any of the same types of signal molecules are used for these signalling‬
M
‭methods. The difference lies in the speed and sensitivity with which the signals‬
‭are delivered.‬

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