Deze samenvatting is volledig voor het onderdeel jeugdcriminologie. Samengesteld uit de lessen, de powerpoint en het boek voor extra aanvullingen. Deze samenvatting leren is voldoende om te slagen voor het vak.
JEUGDCRIMINOLOGIE
INHOUD
introductie................................................................................................................................................................4
jeugdcriminaliteit als brandend en actueel vraagstuk..........................................................................................5
Kapstok: Criminaliteit en onveiligheid in onze samenleving.................................................................................5
Risicomaatschappij............................................................................................................................................5
Paradigmawissel................................................................................................................................................5
Miniaturisering van het strafrecht....................................................................................................................6
Gevoel van unrgentie en morele paniek: populaire mythen............................................................................6
Jeugdcriminologie als wetenschappelijke discipline.............................................................................................6
Jeugdgerichte specialisatie in criminologie.......................................................................................................6
Definitieprobleem in de criminologie...........................................................................................................6
Een nieuwe identiteit voor de criminologie?................................................................................................6
Criminologie als kruispuntwetenschap.........................................................................................................7
Criminologie als spitswetenschap.................................................................................................................7
Verzelfstandiging van een subdiscipline...........................................................................................................7
Evaluatie in het leven van adolescenten.......................................................................................................7
Toegenomen wetenschappelijke interesse...................................................................................................7
Januskop van de jeugd: dubbelzinnige normstelling....................................................................................7
jongeren in vlaanderen.............................................................................................................................................8
‘de jeugd’ in een historisch perspectief en als sociologische realiteit..................................................................8
Rechten en plichten van jongeren..................................................................................................................10
jeugd als sociologische realiteit......................................................................................................................10
jeugdonderzoek in vlaanderen............................................................................................................................10
Hoe is de JOP-monitor opgebouwd?...............................................................................................................11
jong zijn in vlaanderen: cijfers en tendensen.................................................................................................11
Levensomstandigheden van Vlaamse jongeren..........................................................................................11
Welzijn: periode van adolescentie als periode van stress en storm?.........................................................12
Jongeren en de groei naar volwassenheid..................................................................................................13
Jongeren in de groei naar democratisch burgerschap................................................................................13
Conclusie.........................................................................................................................................................13
jongeren in en met problemen in cijfers.................................................................................................................13
Inleiding...............................................................................................................................................................13
Officiële (criminaliteits)statistieken....................................................................................................................14
Wat weten we niet?........................................................................................................................................14
Wat weten we wel?.........................................................................................................................................14
Politiestatistieken t.e.m. 2019....................................................................................................................14
Jeugdparketten............................................................................................................................................15
SELF-REPORT ONDERZOEK..................................................................................................................................16
1
, Voorlopige conclusie...................................................................................................................................17
Officiële statistieken van de jeugdparketten......................................................................................................17
Het openbaar ministerie en statistieken.........................................................................................................17
Structuur van het OM..................................................................................................................................18
Statisch beeld van de protectionele zaken/minderjarigen waarmee de jeugdparketten geconfronteerd
worden............................................................................................................................................................18
Methodologie..............................................................................................................................................18
Instroom MOF-zaken...................................................................................................................................19
Conclusie.....................................................................................................................................................20
jongeren in/met problemen deel 2 (algemene conclusie).....................................................................................20
omvang van de jeugddelinquentie..................................................................................................................20
cijfers in context..............................................................................................................................................21
Trends in de jeugddelinquentie..................................................................................................................21
hypothesen en verklaringen........................................................................................................................21
complexe interactie van verschillende factoren.........................................................................................24
verklaringen voor jeugdcriminologie (miso-meso-macro)......................................................................................24
psychopatholofische verklaringen die aanwezig zijn in het individu..................................................................24
situering...........................................................................................................................................................24
ecologisch model van Bronfenbrenner.......................................................................................................24
accent 1: continuüm tussen normaal en afwijkend gedrag............................................................................25
accent 2: vroeger beïnvloedt later..................................................................................................................26
Risico en bescherming.................................................................................................................................26
kwetsbaarheid en weerbaarheid................................................................................................................28
Ontwikkelingstrajecten...............................................................................................................................28
conclusie..........................................................................................................................................................29
Verklaringen voor jeugdcriminaliteit: micro-meso-macro (II)................................................................................30
klassieke verklaringen voor (jeugd)delinquentie................................................................................................30
socio-biologische theorieën............................................................................................................................30
sociaal-psychologische theorieën...................................................................................................................30
Verschillende leertheorieën........................................................................................................................31
Ontwikkelings- en levensloopcriminologie.................................................................................................31
Bindingen en zelfcontrole...........................................................................................................................31
sociologische, socioculturele en ecologische theorieën.................................................................................32
historische krachtlijnen en actuele ontwikkelingen...........................................................................................34
historisch.........................................................................................................................................................34
Actuele ontwikkelingen...................................................................................................................................34
Ontwikkelings- en levensloopcriminologie.................................................................................................34
Aandacht voor en invloed van vrienden.....................................................................................................34
Ecologische invloeden.................................................................................................................................35
toekomst.........................................................................................................................................................35
2
, epiloog.................................................................................................................................................................35
Naar een integratie van verklaringen..............................................................................................................35
Wikström Situational Action Theory...........................................................................................................36
theorie van de maatschappelijke kwetsbaarheid...........................................................................................37
Bespreking...................................................................................................................................................39
BeslUit:........................................................................................................................................................39
jeugdrechtmodellen................................................................................................................................................39
Modellen in theorie.............................................................................................................................................39
Goedseels (2016).............................................................................................................................................40
1. beschermingsmodel....................................................................................................................................41
2. strafmodel...................................................................................................................................................41
3. herstelmodel dader.....................................................................................................................................41
4. Sanctiemodel...............................................................................................................................................42
5. Risicomanagementmodel............................................................................................................................42
Jeugdrechtmodellen in de wetgeging.................................................................................................................43
1. Belgisch jeugdbeschermingsrecht...............................................................................................................43
Wet van 15 mei 1912..................................................................................................................................43
Wet van 8 april 1965...................................................................................................................................43
Hervormingen in 2006 (was tijdelijk)..........................................................................................................43
2. Vlaams decreet jeugddelinquentierecht.....................................................................................................44
Jeugdrechtmodellen in de praktijk......................................................................................................................44
Doctoraatsonderzoek van Goedseels.............................................................................................................44
Methodologie..............................................................................................................................................44
Resultaten...................................................................................................................................................45
NICC onderzoek...............................................................................................................................................47
Aanleiding....................................................................................................................................................47
Doel.............................................................................................................................................................47
Methodologie..............................................................................................................................................47
Resultaten...................................................................................................................................................47
Conclusie en discussie.................................................................................................................................50
Interventies bij jeugdcriminaliteit...........................................................................................................................50
Wat werkt, wat werkt niet? (Evidence-based beleid en praktijk).......................................................................50
Achtergrond: Artikel ‘What works?’................................................................................................................51
Wat werkt? Beginselen...................................................................................................................................51
Voorwaarden voor gedragsverandering.....................................................................................................51
Beginselen gespecifieerd op de aanpak van criminaliteit...........................................................................52
Wat werkt niet?...............................................................................................................................................54
RNR-model en GLM in de interventie van criminaliteit..................................................................................54
Risk Need Responsivity model....................................................................................................................55
GOOd Lives model.......................................................................................................................................56
3
, Mixed method onderzoek...........................................................................................................................60
Onthemende tochten......................................................................................................................................62
COncept.......................................................................................................................................................62
Evaluatie......................................................................................................................................................62
Evidence-beleid in de bijzondere jeugdzorg...................................................................................................63
Preventie van jeugdcriminaliteit.............................................................................................................................64
Preventie.............................................................................................................................................................64
Centrale kwesties............................................................................................................................................64
Voorbeelden....................................................................................................................................................64
Het begrip “preventie”....................................................................................................................................65
Criminologische preventie..............................................................................................................................66
Drie dimensies.............................................................................................................................................66
Preventiepiramide.......................................................................................................................................68
Preventietypes.............................................................................................................................................68
Vier preventietypes als prtotypes...................................................................................................................69
Maatschappelijke context, olitieke debat en de publieke opinie...................................................................70
Preventie/repressie.............................................................................................................................................70
Lucia Zedner: van ‘post-crime naar ‘pre-crime’ samenleving.........................................................................71
Focus op preventie en vroegtijdige interventie..................................................................................................71
Bedenkingen....................................................................................................................................................72
Methodologische bedenkingen...................................................................................................................72
Theoretische bedenkingen..........................................................................................................................72
Answorth & Zedner.....................................................................................................................................73
Jongeren en slachtofferschap.................................................................................................................................74
De ontdekking van het slachtoffer......................................................................................................................74
Het jonge vergeten slachtoffer...........................................................................................................................75
Slachtofferschap meten en verklaren.................................................................................................................75
Verklaren.........................................................................................................................................................76
Onderzoek naar slachtofferschap bij kinderen en jongeren...............................................................................76
Onderzoek door het Jeugdonderzoeksplatform (JOP)....................................................................................76
Onderzoek ‘Geweld, gemeten en geteld’.......................................................................................................77
Conclusies............................................................................................................................................................78
INTRODUCTIE
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