A level psychology Exam Questions and Answers
classical conditioning - Answer ️️ -learning through association
operant conditioning - Answer ️️ -learning through consequences
behaviourist approach - Answer ️️ -explains behaviour in terms of observation and learning
reinforcement - A...
A level psychology Exam Questions and Answers classical conditioning - Answer ✔️✔️-learning through association operant conditioning - Answer ✔️✔️-learning through consequences behaviourist approach - Answer ✔️✔️-explains behaviour in terms of observation and learning reinforcement - Answer ✔️✔️-consequence of behaviour that increases likelihood of that behaviour being repeated (can be positive or negative) social learning theory - Answer ✔️✔️-explain s behaviour with direct and indirect reinforcement imitation - Answer ✔️✔️-copying the behaviour of others vicarious reinforcement - Answer ✔️✔️-through observing someone else being reinforced for a behaviour mediational processes - Answer ✔️✔️-cognitive f actors (thinking) that influence learning - come between stimulus and response cognitive approach - Answer ✔️✔️-how our mental processes (thoughts, perceptions, attention) affect behaviour biological approach - Answer ✔️✔️-perspective that emphasises impor tance of physical processes such as genetic inheritance and neural function genes - Answer ✔️✔️-sections of DNA that code for specific characteristics phenotype - Answer ✔️✔️-characteristics of individual determined by genes and environment neuron - Answer ✔️✔️-nerve cells that process and transmit messages through chemical and electrical signals sensory neurons - Answer ✔️✔️-carry messages from PNS to CNS - long dendrites and short axons relay neurons - Answer ✔️✔️-connect sensory neurons to motor or other relay neurons - short dendrites and short axons motor neurons - Answer ✔️✔️-connect CNS to effectors (muscles, glands) - short dendrites and long axons synaptic transmission - Answer ✔️✔️-when neighbouring neurons communicate with each other by sending ch emical messages across the synapse (gap that separates them) neurotransmitter - Answer ✔️✔️-chemicals released by synaptic vesicles that carry signals across the synapse excitation - Answer ✔️✔️-when a neurotransmitter increases positive charge of the post synaptic neuron - increases chance that neuron will fire and pass on electrical impulse inhibition - Answer ✔️✔️-neurotransmitter (ie serotonin) increases negative charge of postsynaptic neuron - decreases chance of neuron firing and passing on electrical impulse Statistical infrequency - Answer ✔️✔️-when an individual has a less common characteristic Deviation from social norms - Answer ✔️✔️-Concerns behaviour that is different from the accepted standards of behaviour in a community or society Failure to f unction adequately - Answer ✔️✔️-when someone is unable to cope with ordinary demands of everyday life Deviation from ideal mental health - Answer ✔️✔️-when someone does not meet a set of criteria for good mental health Three examples of Jahodas criteria for good mental health - Answer ✔️✔️-- no symptoms or distress - self actualise (reach our potential) - can successfully work, love and enjoy daily life Phobia - Answer ✔️✔️-an irrational fear of an object or situation Behavioural - Answer ✔️✔️-ways in which people act Emotional - Answer ✔️✔️-Ways in which people feel Cognitive - Answer ✔️✔️-process of thinking - knowing, percieving, believing Behavioural characteristics of phobias - Answer ✔️✔️-panic, avoidance, endurance Emotional characteristics of phobias - Answer ✔️✔️-anxiety cognitive characteristics of phobias - Answer ✔️✔️-selective attention, irrational beliefs, cognitive distortions Depression - Answer ✔️✔️-mental disorder characterised by low mood and low energy levels Behavioural characteristics of depression - Answer ✔️✔️-activity levels, disruption to sleep and eating behaviour, aggression and self harm Emotional characteristics of depression - Answer ✔️✔️-lowered mood, anger, lowered self -esteem Cognitive char acteristics of depression - Answer ✔️✔️-poor concentration, dwelling on the negative, absolutist thinking Obsessive compulsive disorder - Answer ✔️✔️-condition characterised by obsessions and/o compulsive behaviour Behavioural characteristics of OCD - Answ er ✔️✔️-compulsions (repetitive and reduce anxiety), avoidance Emotional characteristics of OCD - Answer ✔️✔️-anxiety and distress, accompanying to depression, guilt and disgust Cognitive characteristics of OCD - Answer ✔️✔️-obsessive thought, cognitive st rategies to cope, insight into excessive anxiety The two -process model to explaining phobias - Answer ✔️✔️-phobias are acquired by classical conditioning and maintained by operant conditioning Systematic desensitisation - Answer ✔️✔️-behavioural therapy to reduce an unwanted response to a stimulus by using reserved classical conditioning Flooding - Answer ✔️✔️-a treatment for phobias in which clients are exposed repeatedly and intensively to a feared object and made to see that it is actually harmless Becks three parts of cognitive vulnerability to depression - Answer ✔️✔️-faulty information processing, negative self -schemas, the negative triad Negative triad - Answer ✔️✔️-negative views of the self, the world, and the future ABC model - Answer ✔️✔️-Ellis pr oposed that depression occurs when an activating event (A) triggers an irrational belief (B) which in turn produces a consequence (C) cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) - Answer ✔️✔️-method for treating mental disorders based on cognitive and behavioural t echniques Ellis' rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT) - Answer ✔️✔️-extends the ABC model to an ABCDE model - D standing for dispute and E standing for effective Genetic explanations for OCD - Answer ✔️✔️-candidate genes, OCD is polygenic, different t ypes of OCD diathesis -stress model - Answer ✔️✔️-a diagnostic model that proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with an event Neural explanations for OCD - Answer ✔️✔️-role of serotonin (lower levels = lower mood), decision making systems (not making rational decisions)
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