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TENTAMEN: College Notes and Summary - Advanced Research Methods and Statistics ()
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This document contains notes and summaries on lectures and relevant literature.
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ARMS – SamenvattingInhoud
TOE – Hoorcollege 4 – 16-2-2023...........................................................................................................2
Refreshing Correlation and Regression..................................................................................................5
Refreshing T-test and ANOVA.................................................................................................................7
Grasple – Refresh Lessons – Part 1........................................................................................................9
Grasple – Refresh Lessons – Part 2......................................................................................................10
Grasple – Refresh Lessons – Part 3......................................................................................................11
Grasple – Week 1.................................................................................................................................13
Hoorcollege 1 – 13-11-2023.................................................................................................................16
Werkgroep 1 – 16-11-2023..................................................................................................................18
Hoorcollege 2 – 16-11-2023.................................................................................................................20
Grasple – Week 2.................................................................................................................................22
Hoorcollege 3 – 20-11-2023.................................................................................................................26
Experimentwise Error Rate..................................................................................................................27
Werkgroep 2 – 23-11-2023..................................................................................................................28
Hoorcollege 4 – 23-11-2023.................................................................................................................29
Grasple – Week 3.................................................................................................................................30
Hoorcollege 5 – 27-11-2023.................................................................................................................34
Werkgroep 3 – 30-11-2023..................................................................................................................36
Hoorcollege 6 – 30-11-2023.................................................................................................................39
Grasple – Week 4.................................................................................................................................41
Hoorcollege 7 – 4-12-2023...................................................................................................................45
Werkgroep 4 – 7-12-2023....................................................................................................................48
Hoorcollege 8 – 7-12-2023...................................................................................................................49
Grasple – Week 5.................................................................................................................................54
Hoorcollege 9 – 11-12-2023.................................................................................................................55
Werkgroep 5 – 14-12-2023..................................................................................................................58
1
,TOE – Hoorcollege 4 – 16-2-2023
Measurement and Bias in Regression:
- Survey Method:
o Issues with reliability due to recall and estimation.
o Limited construct validity.
- Lab Experiment:
o Problems with altered behavior (Hawthorne effect).
o Difficulty in maintaining 24-hour observation.
- Pictures:
o Concerns about construct validity and reliability.
o Offer contextual information.
- Diary:
o Challenges with non-response, recall, and under-reporting.
o Traditional and modern diary methods.
- Measurement Issues:
o Difficulty in measuring accurately.
o Importance of validity and reliability.
- Response Process Challenges:
- Survey Bias:
o Recall problems leading to bias.
o Bias sources in the survey lifecycle.
- Total Survey Error Framework:
o Components:
Measurement error: the inaccuracy or imprecision in the process of
collecting data or measurements (errors in data entry, coding, handling
confidential information).
Processing error: mistakes, inaccuracies, or oversights that occur during the
handling, coding, entry, or analysis of data after it has been collected.
Coverage error: when not all members of the population have a known, non-
zero chance of being included in the sample.
2
,
Sampling error: when a survey samples only some, rather than all, members
of the covered population.
Non-response error: when selected individuals refuse to cooperate with the
survey (unit non-response) or decline to answer specific questions (item
non-response).
Adjustment error: when adjustments are made to correct for non-response
or coverage issues in a survey, but these adjustments introduce bias or
inaccuracies in the final survey estimates (required to correct
underrepresentation).
- Question bias (survey-related) and response bias (respondent behavior).
o Response Biases:
Social desirability: respondents may provide answers that they perceive as
socially acceptable or favourable rather than expressing their true beliefs or
behaviours.
Acquiescence: the tendency of respondents to agree with statements or
questions regardless of their actual beliefs, possibly to please the surveyor or
avoid conflict.
Primacy/recency effects: the order in which questions are presented may
influence respondents' answers. Primacy effect occurs when earlier items
have more impact, while recency effect occurs when later items are more
influential.
Straight-lining: respondents provide the same response (e.g., selecting the
same Likert scale option) consistently throughout a survey without
differentiation.
Fence-sitting: respondents consistently choose neutral or middle response
options, avoiding extreme positions.
- Matrix questions and strategies to avoid biases.
o Use of answer categories for multiple questions.
o Comparison of matrix and individual questions.
Research cycle:
3
,
Survey lifecycle
4
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