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Samenvatting Microbiologie
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Complete samenvatting Microbiologie Theorie jaar 2 Life Sciences, bevat alle lesstof uitgebreid.
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SamenvattingMicrobiologie Theorie
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Inhoud
1. Introductie microbiologie en algemeen bacteriologie ................................................................ 4
1.1 Prokaryoten en eukaryoten .......................................................................................................... 4
1.2 Celademhaling en fermentatie ..................................................................................................... 5
1.3 Impact van micro-organismen op de mens .................................................................................. 6
1.4 Geschiedenis van de microbiologie .............................................................................................. 6
1.5 Morfologie en structuur van bacteriën......................................................................................... 8
1.6 Genoverdracht ............................................................................................................................ 11
2. Virussen ................................................................................................................................. 13
2.1 Virale transformatie .................................................................................................................... 13
2.2 Virusopbouw en indeling ............................................................................................................ 14
2.3 Viral attachment ......................................................................................................................... 15
2.4 Vermeerderingscyclus................................................................................................................. 15
3. Deel 1: Principes van infectieziekten & Deel 2: Emerging infectious diseases ............................ 20
3.1 Deel 1: Soorten Infecties ............................................................................................................. 20
3.2 Deel 1: Uitbraak, epidemie, pandemie en endemie ................................................................... 21
3.3 Deel 1: Prevalentie en incidentie ................................................................................................ 22
3.4 Deel 1: Transmissie ..................................................................................................................... 22
3.5 Deel 1: Ziekenhuisinfecties (nosocomiale infecties) ................................................................... 23
3.6 Deel 2: Emerging infections ........................................................................................................ 24
4. Afweer en toepassingen van immunologie .............................................................................. 27
4.1 Linies van afweer ........................................................................................................................ 27
4.2 Antigenen en antilichamen ......................................................................................................... 29
4.3 Cell-mediated- and Humoral immunity ...................................................................................... 30
4.4 Ziekteverwekkers ........................................................................................................................ 31
4.5 Immuno-assays ........................................................................................................................... 34
4.6 Preventie van infectieziekten d.m.v. vaccinatie ......................................................................... 35
5. Microbiële pathogenese ......................................................................................................... 39
5.1 Pathogeniteit, Virulentie en Attenuatie...................................................................................... 39
5.2 Bacteriële pathogenese .............................................................................................................. 40
5.3 Enzymen ...................................................................................................................................... 41
5.4 Antigeen variatie ......................................................................................................................... 42
5.5 Toxinen........................................................................................................................................ 43
6. Humane microbiota en ziekteverwekkers pt. 1 ........................................................................ 48
6.1 Verschillende microbiota ............................................................................................................ 48
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6.2 Stafylokokken .............................................................................................................................. 50
6.3 Streptokokken ............................................................................................................................. 51
6.4 Virale huidinfecties ..................................................................................................................... 52
6.5 Infecties van het centrale zenuwstelsel ...................................................................................... 52
6.6 Infecties van het spijsverteringskanaal ....................................................................................... 55
7. Humane microbiota en ziekteverwekkers pt. 2 ........................................................................ 59
7.1 Urineweginfecties ....................................................................................................................... 59
7.2 Seksueel overdraagbare aandoeningen (SOA, STD, STI)............................................................. 60
7.3 Vulvovaginitis .............................................................................................................................. 64
7.4 Virale infecties van de geslachtsorganen.................................................................................... 64
7.5 Luchtweginfecties ....................................................................................................................... 65
8. Antimicrobiele middelen en resistentie................................................................................... 72
8.1 Desinfectantia en aangrijpingspunten ........................................................................................ 72
8.2 Antimicrobiële middelen............................................................................................................. 73
8.3 Resistentie ontwikkeling ............................................................................................................. 74
8.4 Bepaling van resistentie en gevoeligheid ................................................................................... 77
8.5 Antivirale middelen ..................................................................................................................... 78
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1. Introductie microbiologie en algemeen bacteriologie
Wat zijn micro-organismen: Micro-organismen (microben) zijn levensvormen die te klein zijn om met
het blote oog te kunnen waarnemen. Micro-organismen zijn echt overal, op elke plek aanwezig. Ze
zijn onmisbaar voor het leven op aarde. Kunnen zowel eencellig als meercellig zijn. De namen zijn
opgebouwd uit een geslachtsnaam en een soortnaam; Geslachtsnaam met een hoofdletter en
soortnaam in kleine letters. B.v. Staphylococcus aureus.
De structuur van microbiële cellen: Gemeenschappelijke eigenschappen microbiële cellen.
• Cytoplasmic (cell) membrane: Barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the outside
environment
• Cytoplasm: Aqueous mixture of macromolecules, small organics, ions, and ribosomes inside
cell
• Ribosomes: Protein-synthesizing structures
• Cell wall: Present in some microbes; confers structural strength
1.1 Prokaryoten en eukaryoten
Het genoom van (micro-) organismen: genome, a cell's full complement of genes
Eukaryotic DNA
• Linear chromosomes within nucleus
• Much larger/more DNA (up to billions of base pairs)
prokaryotic DNA
• Generally single circular chromosome that aggregates to form the nucleoid region
• May also have plasmids (extrachromosomal DNA) that confer special properties (e.g.,
antibiotic resistance)
• Small, compact (0.5–10 million base pairs)
Prokaryoten: Bacteria en Archaea
• Geen kern
• Geen membraan omgeven organellen
Eukaryoten: Planten, dieren, algen, protozoa, schimmels
• DNA verpakt in een membraan omgeven kern
• Cellen bevatten organellen waarin specifieke
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