100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
Previously searched by you
Previously searched by you
logo
Summary Philosophy of Science (Part I of the course) $8.36
Add to cart
Quickly navigate to
Preview
  2.  
  3. Tilburg University (UVT)
  4.  
  5. Philosophy of Science (425034B6)

Summary

Summary Philosophy of Science (Part I of the course)

1 review
 0 purchase
  • Course
  • Philosophy of Science (425034B6)
  • Institution
  • Tilburg University (UVT)

Detailed notes on the prerecorded lectures for the course Philosophy of Science. The document contains the most important information from the first 8 lectures and encompasses all the necessary knowledge for the first part of the course. Given these notes and the notes for the second part of the co...

[Show more]

Preview 4 out of 81  pages

Document information

  • February 23, 2024
  • 81
  • 2023/2024
  • Summary

Subjects

  • philosophy of science
  • pos
  • prerecorded lectures
  • hans dooremalen

Written for

  • Tilburg University (UVT)
  • Psychology
  • Philosophy of Science (425034B6)
All documents for this subject (1)

1  review

review-writer-avatar

By: lauralisettekiilmaa • 4 months ago

Seller

avatar-seller
anniedeshkova

Reviews received

Content preview

LECTURE 1
1. What is philosophy of science?
 epistemology = theory of knowledge
- deals with the question “where does knowledge come from?”
* rationalists: from our ratio/ mind/ thinking/ reason
* empiricist: from observation
 after we establish that knowledge comes from science -> we need to know what
science is (transition to PoS)
 philosophy of science – the philosophical (critical) reflection on what science
is, does and how it generates knowledge




prototypical scientist vs a medium (pseudoscientist)
 what is science?
- we use the word “science” often and we use it in the right manner
* we know how it is used and we can tell when people do not use it properly
ex. saying that you are doing science while washing dishes
- what are the characteristics of science?
* we have an idea of what science is, but no clear answer
* we cannot easily answer the question “what exactly is science?”
2. Why PoS for psychologists?
 psychology has the status of being a science
 is psychology correctly classified as a science? – as an academic, we should be
able to explain why it is
- we need knowledge to do that: we need to know the answers that have been
given in the history of thinking about science, to the question “what is science”
- we need skills to reflect on questions such as “Is it justified to call psychology
a science?”/ “Is it justified that science has the monopoly on acquiring
knowledge?”
- we need to build character: there is a replication crisis in psychology;
publication bias and we need to be able to determine when something is
considered science
! philosophy is a critical reflection and for that we need knowledge and skills
! knowledge and skills serve building a character (understanding society to
advance society)
- the three characteristics make good psychologists

, science has a monopoly on acquiring knowledge
3. Epistemology = theory of knowledge
 PoS begain with epistemology
 epistemology asks 3 questions:
1) what is (certain) knowledge?
2) how can we justify that knowledge?
- how do we know that what we know is true?
3) what is the source of knowledge?
 there are two views in epistemology:
1) rationalism – real knowledge is derived from the ratio/ reason
2) empiricism – real knowledge comes from sensory experience
 is it possible to have real knowledge? -> empiricists and rationalists say yes
 what are we certain of?
3.1 skepticism
 Socrates in Ancient Greece
- convicted for having a bad influence on the younger people
 stood in the market square and asked many difficult questions such as “what do
you know for sure?” (Socratic method)
 skeptics’ conclusion: we do not know anything at all and never will
 is there nothing we can be certain of? (is the skeptic right? -> rationalists/
empiricists would say no)
3.2 rationalism
 general claim: knowledge comes from reason/ ratio
 associated claim: nativism – there is innate knowledge
3.2.1 Plato
 Plato is the most radical rationalist
- he claims that to learn is to remember (= anamnesis)

, - there is no new knowledge: we do not really learn anything
* however, if we have never read about Plato, how would we know he claimed
that?
- why did Plato claim that there is no new knowledge? -> he believed in
reincarnation
 Plato’s forgotten everything
- Plato believed that before we were born, we had all real knowledge (and we
lost that knowledge when we were born because it is a traumatic experience)
- the soul knows everything, but when it is born in the body it has forgotten it ->
the ratio needs to be used to remember this knowledge (remembering is not new
knowledge)
 Plato makes a distinction between episteme and doxa
- episteme – knowledge of how the things are
* knowledge has to be true
* knowledge = justified & true belief (corresponds to the facts/ the world is as
your mental state depicts it; you can explain how you know something is true)
→ skeptics also have beliefs, but they do not have justifications (they can
never be certain that something is true)
→ skeptics do not make claims about the world
- doxa – opinion about how the things are
* opinions can be wrong
 Plato responds to Heraclites with his distinction of episteme/ doxa
- Panta rhei = everything is in constant flux (nothing IS)
- in our world (= the world we perceive with our senses), everything changes
constantly so then nothing is
* “you cannot step into the same river again” -> everything changes
* we do not have real knowledge about the world we perceive with out senses,
because we can only have knowledge about how the things ARE
* that means we can only acquire doxa about the world we perceive with our
senses, not episteme about the world (that would amount to skepticism -> but
Plato did not want skepticism)
→ you cannot have knowledge about how the river is because it changes ->
if you think you have knowledge, you are wrong
 Plato was against skepticism
- Socrates doubted the existence of Greek Gods
- Plato says that there is a different world from the one we see and perceive with
our senses

,  Plato’s allegory of the cave
→ people are chained to a wall; behind them people hold tables/ chairs and a
fire cast shadows on the wall in front of the prisoners -> the prisoners
think the shadows are the real items when in reality they cannot actually
perceive the real items behind them
- ideas/ forms exist apart from us in a World of ideas/ World of forms (the ideas
do not change/ we have knowledge about how these forms ARE)
- the soul is akin to those ideas – the soul belongs to the world of ideas and has
knowledge about how things are
- acquiring knowledge is to remember these ideas by using ratio properly –
anamnesis
- we think that the world we perceive is the real world but it is not
- Plato describes universal concepts in the world of ideas
 how does this work? -> Plato wrote it in his work “Meno”




- “what do you need to do to double the surface of this square?“ -> the slave of
Meno gets it wrong (second), and Socrates (who explains Plato’s ideas) tells the
correct solution (third)
- the response of the slave is that he now remembers the correct way to solve it
- this is unacceptable: Socrates puts words into the mouth of Meno’s slave
* this kind of rationalism is very extreme
* Descartes’s version of rationalism is weaker and more sophisticated
3.3 empiricism
 general claim: the source of knowledge is the experience gained through
sensory perception
- it is a commonsense view: if you want to know how something is, you have to
look/ listen
- we cannot be wrong about our experiences (whether the experiences
correspond to something in the world is debatable)
 associated claim: if all knowledge comes from experience via perception, there
are no innate ideas/ knowledge
 empirical ≠ empiricism

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller anniedeshkova. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for $8.36. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

65004 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 15 years now

Start selling

Recently viewed by you

Package deal ·

(0)

(BUNDLED) ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY| ALL AVAILABLE FILES 2019-2024| EXAMS,STUDY GUIDES, TEST BANKS, EXAM PRACTICES, SUMMARIES, EXAM PREPS AND CATS| ALL WITH COMPLETE VERIFIED SOLUTIONS, THE BEST GUIDE F

Exam (elaborations) ·

(0)

Jurisprudence Practice Exam: Questions & Answers: Updated A+ Score Guide

Class notes ·

(0)

Seizure Drugs: Pharmacology Notes

Other ·

(0)

HIST 405N Week 3 Discussion: Manifest Destiny and the Mexican War of 1846

Class notes ·

(0)

Cell Communication and Apoptosis Notes

Exam (elaborations) ·

(0)

NRS 440 IOM_Future_of_Nursing_Report_and_Nursing Study Guide

Summary ·

(0)

samenvatting hoofdstuk 4, Pedagogiek in Beeld, ipo 1A

$8.36
  • (1)
Add to cart
Added