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Ethics notes philo13
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Lecture notes of 4 pages for the course philo13 at Ateneo De Manila University (Kantian Ethics)
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Kant argues that moral philosophy must be grounded in a priori principles, rather thanempirical observations, because the latter are contingent and subject to change. He claims
that the only a priori principle that can serve as the foundation of moral philosophy is the
categorical imperative, which he defines as the principle that one should act only on maxims
that one can will to be universal laws.
Kant then explores the concept of a good will, which he argues is the only thing that is
unconditionally good. A good will is one that acts from duty, rather than from inclination or
self-interest, and is motivated by respect for the moral law. Kant claims that a good will is
valuable in itself, regardless of its effects or outcomes.
Finally, Kant discusses the relationship between the moral law and human autonomy. He
argues that the moral law is the expression of human autonomy, which he defines as the
capacity to legislate for oneself according to the principles of reason. He claims that the
moral law is not imposed on us by external authority, but rather is the expression of our own
rational nature. Kant also argues that the moral law is universal and necessary, and that it
applies to all rational beings, regardless of their particular circumstances or desires.
Imperatives and Ought Statements:
- Kant begins by discussing imperatives, which are statements that express
commands, instructions, or obligations.
- These imperatives often include the word "ought" or "should" and prescribe a course of
action. They tell us what we ought to do.
Hypothetical Imperatives:
- Kant introduces the concept of hypothetical imperatives.
- These are conditional imperatives that tell us what we ought to do if we desire a
specific end or goal.
- In other words, they are contingent upon our subjective desires or inclinations.
- Hypothetical imperatives are practical rules that are valid only in certain situations or
for specific individuals with particular desires.
Categorical Imperatives:
- Kant then introduces the idea of categorical imperatives. These are moral principles
that are not contingent on our subjective desires or inclinations.
- Instead, they are objective and universal in nature.
- Categorical imperatives tell us what we ought to do unconditionally, irrespective of
our personal desires. They are principles of reason that apply to all rational beings.
Practical Good:
- Kant explains that practical good is what determines the will through the use of
reason.
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