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Cellular Oncology Summary
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Summary of Cellular Oncology Biomedical Sciences UvA year 2 (2023/2024)
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Cellulaire OncologieBSc Biomedische Wetenschappen jaar 2 UvA (2023 -2024)
1
,Inhoud
Lecture 1 : The Nature of Cancer ........................................................................... 3
Lecture 2 : Viruses, Oncogenes and Growth Factors ......................................... 12
Lecture 3 : Multi-step Tumorigenesis ..................................................................... 22
Lecture 4 : Maintenance of Genomic Integrity .................................................. 28
Lecture 5 : Cell Signaling ....................................................................................... 38
Lecture 6 : Asynchronous Processing of DSB ....................................................... 52
Lecture 7 & 8 : The Cytoskeleton .......................................................................... 56
Lecture 9 : Immortalization .................................................................................... 69
Lecture 10 : Invasion and Metastasis .................................................................... 78
Lecture 11 : Microscopy ........................................................................................ 85
Lecture 12 & 13 : Cell Cycle .................................................................................. 90
Lecture 14 : Cell Death .........................................................................................105
2
,Lecture 1 : The Nature of Cancer
Tumors destroy man in a unique and appalling way, as flesh of his own flesh
which has somehow been rendered proliferative, rampant, predatory and
ungovernable. They are the most concrete and formidable of human
maladies, yet despite more than 70 years of experimental study they remain
the least understood. ~ Francis Peyton Rous, tumor virologist, Nobel lecture,
1966.
Tumors arise from normal tissues. They are created by malfunctioning cells
that cannot maintain
tissues of normal form
and function. Tumors
bear certain
histological features
that resemble those of
normal tissue of their
origin (histopathology)
Benign vs. malignant tumors
Tumors that grow locally without invading adjacent tissues are classified
as benign (large majority). Benign tumors may nevertheless cause
problems. For instance, Thyroid adenomas (pre-malignant epithelial
growths) may cause excessive release of thyroid hormone into the
circulation, leading g to hyperthyroidism. Additionally, Pituitary
adenomas may release growth hormone into the circulation, causing
excessive growth of certain tissues—a condition known as acromegaly.
Tumors that invade
nearby tissues and
spawn metastases
are termed
malignant.
Metastases are
responsible for ~90%
of deaths from
cancer.
3
, Tumors arise from many specialized cell types. The majority of human tumors
arise from epithelial tissues. The epithelia are sheets of cells that line the walls
of cavities and channels or cover the body (skin).
• Basement membrane (basal lamina) is made of extracellular matrix
(ECM) and separates the epithelial cells from the underlying layer of
supporting connective tissue cells (stroma).
Epithelia give rise to the most common human cancers—the carcinomas. This
causes 80% of cancer-related deaths in the West.
• Include tumors of the gastrointestinal tract (mouth, esophagus,
stomach, and small and large intestines), skin, mammary gland,
pancreas, lung, liver, ovary, uterus, prostate, gallbladder, and urinary
bladder.
There are two major types of epithelial-origin cancers
I. Squamous cell carcinomas : Cells forming protective cell layers in
the epithelium. For example, the epithelial cells lining the skin
(keratinocytes) and most of the oral cavity spawn these tumors.
II. Adenocarcinomas : Specialized cells that secrete substances into
the ducts or cavities that they line.
4
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