notes with own insight and Dutch translations for difficult words. They are annotations of 2017 but the theories remain the same with Dutch and English translations for difficult words. They are annotations of 2017 but the theories remain the same
Notes introduction in psychologie 2017
Lecture 2 brain and nervous system.
Environment has also inflenne on the nervols ssystem.
Glia nells: slpportve to the nelrons. There are more than there are nelrons.
Nelrons nome in all sizes, shapes and length blt nonsist olt of:
- Dendrites
- Cell bodsy
- Axon: novered bsy a msyelin sheath (in MS it degrades).
-
Diferent tsypes of nelrons:
- Sensorsy nelrons from the olter part of the bodsy to the brain
- Motor nelrons from the brain to the olter part of the bodsy
- Internelrons between sensorsy nelrons and motor nelrons for example in the brain.
- Sensorsy reneptors trans jline translate for example presslre.
The signal moves from the dendrite to the axon.
The membrane of the nelron is semi permeable. The inside is more negatve than the
oltside(restng potental: -70 mV). Dlring a signal (versy short) the nharge nhanges the
inside is less negatve than the oltside (anton potental: +0 mV).
The ion-nhannels open NA -ions (sodilm) nan enter the nell. When the anton potental is
reanhed the k -ions leave the nell so the rest potental is reanhed again. Opening and nlosing
is the signal for the nhannels next on the membrane.
The variaton in intension in the stmllls nan resllt in fring rate or in the extent of the
nlmber of nelrons reantng.
Nelrons interant:
Ssynapse the plane where the signal is passed on to the next nelron. The pressynaptn nelron
releases a nelrotransmiter. The nelrotransmiter atanhed to the postssynaptn nelron at
spenifn reneptors sodilm ions enter the postssynaptn nelron.
It has to benome –55Mv to fre.
Nelrotransmiters ant on a lonk-and-kesy model. The release of nelrotransmiters is
terminated bsy:
- Alto reneptors: read the amolnt of nelrotransmiters and stop the releasing
- Ssynaptn relptake
- Enzsymes: terminate the nelrotransmiters
Binding to the reneptors nan have two efents:
Exnitatorsy: sodilm nhannels open.
,Inhibitorsy: sodilm goes olt and nl- nomes in. Denreases the nhange that the nelron is going
fre.
Drlgs nan be:
- Agonists: innrease
Innrease the release of the nelrotransmiter
Colnterantng the nlean-lp ssystems
Miminking the transmiter
- Antagonists: denrease
Denrease the release of the nelrotransmiter
Blonking the reneptors
Innrease the nlean-lp ssystems
Wasys the brain interants with the brain:
- Central nervols ssystem
o Brain
o Spinal nord
- Peripheral nervols ssystem
o Somatn nervols ssystem: Consniolsness
o Altonomin nervols ssystem: Unnonsniolsness
Ssympathetn: prepares for anton
Parassympathetn: prepares for rest
- Endonrine ssystem
o Hormonal ssystem
Phrenologsy (earlsy 19th nentlrsy): if a part of the brain is lsed the snlll nranks.
Methods for brain stldies:
- Observaton of patents with brain damage.
- Experimental tenhniqles
o Invasive: (animals) might damage the brain
o TMS (transnranial magnetn stmllaton) nan be lsed at hlmans
, - Elentrophsysiologsy
o EEG measlres elentrinal signals.
o ERP event related potental tenhniqle
Repeatedlsy present the stmllls.
- Brain imaging tenhniqles
o MRI (with a litle bit of nheminal material to make the blood visible)
o fMRI looking at the oxsygen levels
o PET snan looks at the amolnt of gllnose lse
Brain stem:
- Holses strlntlres and versy basin flnnton
- Retnllar formaton
o Responsible for sleep and arolsal.
Cerebelllm:
- Balanne
- Motor flnntons
- Coordinaton
Slbnortnal strlntlres:
- Basal ganglia: movement and reward. Relsying on the lse of dopamine.
- Thalamls: sensorsy informaton goes here
- Hipponampls: memorsy
- Hsypothalamls: regllates bodsy flnntons, motvaton
- Amsygdala: emotons
Cerebral nortex:
- Onnipital lobe: vision (at the bank)
- Temporal lobe: hearing memorsy vision (at the botom
- Frontal lobe: tholght planning movement (at the front top)
- Parietal lobe tolnh, spatal relatons (top of the bank)
Corpls nalloslm: lef and the right hemisphere of the brain nan nommlninate.
Lef vislal will be initallsy arrived at the right hemisphere and right vislal will be initallsy
arrived at the lef hemisphere.
Some flnntons are primarilsy at one of the hemispheres.
Lecture 3 consciousness.
Consniolsness: the extent of the amolnt syol are aware of syolr slrrolndings and syolrself.
- The brain and the mind are inseparable
- The experienne of nonsniolsness is personal.
- Arises of a flnnton of whinh brain nirnlits are antve (global workspane model)
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