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samenvatting in de psychologie boek
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Samenvatting geschreven in het engels van alle verplichte hoofdstukken. Summary written in englisch with all necessary chapters.
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Inleiding psychologie samenvatng.Wat is psychologie?
mind mental activity
brain biological processes
behavior action
lecture 1 genes
gene expression genes on or of
gene polypeptide protein cells and actions
genotype genetic make-up
phenotype observable physical characteristics
sequence of amino acids = protein
nucleus = celkern
nurture = environment
polygenic = something that is infuenced by many types of genes not just one
zygote = fertilized cell
industrial melanism = by evaluation darker and therefor beter camoufaged in the industrial
areas species
monozygotc ttwins= identical twins
dizygotc ttwins = come from diferent eggs
behavioral genetics= the study of the way nurture and nature interactc
Epigenetcs = the study of the way the environment efects the genetic expression
Optogenetic= research method by which there is a limited way of controlling the brain is
usedc
Over the years the perceptive has changed for example about what causes violentsc
- The seventies environment (it was not excepted to research this subject)
- The nineties genes
- Today we know that it is a combination of both factors
In a study about violents people with a low mao-level who were mistreated tended to
become more criminal than people with a high mao-levelc Mao is a enzyme that is partially
responsible for our ‘remmetje’c
Gene expression is controlled by the biochemical environment inside the cell and that is
controlled by the environment outside the cell (behavior, experience and overall
environment)
Three conditions of natural selection aree
- There is variation among individuals of a population
, - Individuals with a certain trait survive and reproduce at higher rates than others
- The trait associated with this advantage is passed from parents to ofspring
The evidence we fnd for the evolutionarye
- Fossils
- The resemblance between genomes of various organisms
- Pseudogenes ( genes which are mutated so they are turned of)
- Distribution of species across the world
o Continental islands (were once connected)
o Oceanic islands (were never connected)
genetic variance
Heritability (H)= is about a group and never about a single personc
phenotypic variance
Lecture 2 brain and nervous system.
Environment has also infuence on the nervous systemc
Glia cellse supportive to the neuronsc There are more than there are neuronsc
Neurons come in all sizes, shapes and length but consist out ofe
- Dendrites
- Cell body
- Axone covered by a myelin sheath (in MS it degrades)c
- Terminal butonss the end of an axonc
- Synapsee gap between the neurons
- Nodes of Ranviers small exposed pieces of axon (where there is no myelin sheat)
Diferent types of neuronse
- Sensory neurons from the outer part of the body to the brain
- Motor neurons from the brain to the outer part of the body
- Interneurons between sensory neurons and motor neurons for example in the brainc
- Sensory receptors trans juice translate for example pressurec
The signal moves from the dendrite to the axonc
The membrane of the neuron is semi permeablec The inside is more negative than the
outside(resting potentiale -70 mV)c During a signal (very short) the charge changes the
inside is less negative than the outside (action potentiale +0 mV)c
The ion-channels open NA -ions (sodium) can enter the cellc When the action potential is
reached the k -ions leave the cell so the rest potential is reached againc Opening and closing
is the signal for the channels next on the membranec
The variation in intension in the stimulus can result in fring rate or in the extent of the
number of neurons reactingc
, Neurons interacte
Synapse the place where the signal is passed on to the next neuronc The presynaptic neuron
releases a neurotransmiterc The neurotransmiter atached to the postsynaptic neuron at
specifc receptors sodium ions enter the postsynaptic neuronc
It has to become –55Mv to frec
Neurotransmiters act on a lock-and-key modelc The release of neurotransmiters is
terminated bye
- Auto receptorse read the amount of neurotransmiters and stop the releasing
- Synaptc reuptaee
- Enzymese terminate the neurotransmiters
Binding to the receptors can have two efectse
Excitatorye sodium channels openc
Inhibitorye sodium goes out and cl- comes inc Decreases the change that the neuron is going
frec
Drugs can bee
- Agonistse increase
Increase the release of the neurotransmiter
Counteracting the clean-up systems
Mimicking the transmiter
- Antagonistse decrease
Decrease the release of the neurotransmiter
Blocking the receptors
Increase the clean-up systems
Ways the brain interacts with the braine
- Central nervous system (CNS)
o Brain
o Spinal cord
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