Biology 1010 Chattanooga State Exam 1 2024 study guide fully solved & verified for accuracy

What are the 7 characteristics of life? 1. Cellular organization 2. Response to stimuli 3. Homeostasis 4. Metabolism 5. Growth and Development 6. Reproduction 7. Change through Time What is the hierarchy of life? What is the first thing within this hierarchy that is considered living? Atom --> Molecule --> Organelles--> Cells--> Tissue--> Organs and Organ Systems--> Organisms--> Population--> Communities--> Ecosystem--> The Biosphere Cells Brainpower Read More 0:14 / 0:15 What are the most abundant elements in the human body? Oxygen Do polar and nonpolar things mix? What types of things can passively diffuse across the plasma membrane? No; small and nonpolar molecules can easily get passed 1. Are ions able to passively diffuse across the plasma membrane or do they need help? They need help 1. What are the 4 macromolecules that make up cells? 1. Nucleic acids 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Carbohydrates 1. What organelles are found within cells? 1. Nucleus 2. Cell Membrane 3. Cytoplasm 4. Chloroplast 5. Cell Wall 6. Ribosomes 7. Endoplasmic Reticulum 8. Mitochondria 9. Golgi Complex 10. Vacuole 11. Lysosome 1. Why is water a polar molecule? Because one side of the molecular is a different charge than the other. What type of bond hold 1 water molecule together Covalent bonds 1. What type of bond holds different water molecules together, giving water its special properties such as cohesion and adhesion? Hydrogen bonds How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells different Prokaryotic- smaller, simpler, do not have a nucleus or a membrane bound organelles; blue-green algae, archeabacteria Eukaryotic- have a nucleus and many membrane bound organelles; animals, plants, and fungi 1. If you turn the nose piece on your microscope such that the high power objective is focused on the specimen, what is the total magnification of the specimen? 400 Where is DNA found in the cell? nucleus What are the monomers that make up DNA nucleotides Why does DNA have a double helix shape it allows for DNA replication and protein synthesis to occur What is meant by complementary base-pairing phenomenon where DNA guanine always pairs to cytosine, and adenine always binds to thymine What is cancer a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells Why do cells divide? What is the end result of mitosis 1. Food 2. Waste 3. Gas Exchanged 4. Growth 5. Repair 6. Reproduction Two diploid (46 chromosomes) cells identical to the parent cell 1. What are the steps of DNA replication? When in the cell cycle does DNA replication occur? What enzymes are involved? 1. Begins at the origin of replication 2. Unwinds 3. Holds strands 4. Two types of strands added 3 to 5 5. RNA Primer 6. Added bases 7. Fix mistakes 8. Remove RNA Primer 9. Join fragments together 10. Add protective ends Begins in the S phase Heliase,Primase, DNa polymerase III, DNA polymerase I, ligase, and gyrase 1. What are the steps of the cell cycle? 1. Interphase 2. Prophase 3. Metaphase 4. Anaphase 5. Telophase 6. Cytokinesis 1. How is the cell cycle regulated? That is, how is cell division turned on? How is it paused? Cyclins and CDK's are molecules that check the cell cycle at various points 1. What is a gene? Segments of DNA found on a chromosome that determine the inheritance of a particular trait