COMPREHENSIVE COUNSELING EXAM STUDYGUIDE | QUESTIONS & ANSWERS (VERIFIED) | LATEST UPDATE | GRADED A+

1 COMPREHENSIVE COUNSELING EXAM STUDYGUIDE | QUESTIONS & ANSWERS (VERIFIED) | LATEST UPDATE | GRADED A+ Life maturation processes and _____ shape the individual's life at any stage of human development. Correct Answer: culture _____ studied the cognitive development of children as they think about the physical world. Correct Answer: Jean Piaget At the _____ period of development, the pursuit of independence and the desire to identify vocational direction and personal identity are manifested. Correct Answer: late adolescence _____ is defined as the orderly and sequential changes that occur in an organism over time, from the beginning until the end of life. Correct Answer: Development 2 _____ is a view that encourages the individual's natural interaction with a developing society. Correct Answer: Progressivism An example of a nonnormative factor that may contribute to the formation and development of an individual is the death of a sibling. Correct Answer: True Review of the literature and research outcomes points to the argument that to understand the influences on human development is to simply answer the question of nature versus nurture. Correct Answer: False During the developmental period of late adulthood, individuals typically begin to reflect on their lives, review their life stories, and prepare for the end-of-life. Correct Answer: False During middle adulthood, an individual's interest turns toward social responsibility and assisting the next generation. Correct Answer: True The _____ system consists of a group of organs that work together to perform certain tasks. 3 Correct Answer: biological Conducting behavioral research in a controlled, laboratory-type setting has its drawbacks. An example of a limitation to this type of research is _____. Correct Answer: the Hawthorne effect To obtain a comprehensive view of a specific situation, _____ researchers may engage in observations and collect verbatim or narrative data. Correct Answer: qualitative _____'s theory of _____ development describes how humans gather and organize information and how this process changes developmentally. Correct Answer: Piaget, cognitive Watson emphasized the role of the environment in the shaping of human development. Correct Answer: True The Ecological Systems Theory developed by Albert Bandura has influenced developmental psychologists throughout the world. Correct Answer: False Experimentation is different from other types of research because it seeks to establish _____ through direct _____ of one or more variables. 4 Correct Answer: causation, manipulation Vygotsky maintained that children actively construct their knowledge. Correct Answer: True The belief that human development is the result of interactions between people and their social environment most closely coincides with _____'s theory of development, indicating that development is inseparable from social and cultural life. Correct Answer: Vygotsky _____'s _____ model argued that behavior followed by a rewarding stimulus would be more likely to recur and endure than that followed by a punishing consequence. Correct Answer: Skinner, operant conditioning _____'s maturationist theory emphasized the importance of genetics and evolution and was based on the premise that growing children would recapitulate evolutionary stages of species development as they grew up. Correct Answer: Hall When counseling a woman during pregnancy, one of the highlights of helping the mother to seek out prenatal care involves discussing breast feeding and umbilical cord options. Correct Answer: False 5 Around the _____ month of prenatal development, the unborn baby can share the mother's _____. Correct Answer: sixth, emotions Certain medications have been found to cross the placenta and enter the baby's bloodstream. Correct Answer: true The risk of miscarriage approaches 40% during the first trimester of pregnancy. Correct Answer: false Which of the following is the leading cause of mental retardation in babies? Correct Answer: alcohol consumption by the expectant mother The _____ period is a critical time during prenatal development, typically lasting from week 2 to week 8. Correct Answer: embryonic _____ proposed a series of _____ stages of normal grief that people tend to experience in response to a major loss. Correct Answer: Kübler-Ross, five 6 Expectant mothers who were less anxious and wanted their children tended to have _____. Correct Answer: emotionally healthy children Regression, a common reaction occurring during a child's process of grieving, involves the child becoming unemotional or separating from family or friends. Correct Answer: false By the time they are _____ months old, infants lose the ability to discriminate the sounds in different languages. Correct Answer: 12 The senses of taste and smell are not well-developed before birth. Correct Answer: false _____ are overproduced in the _____ and then pruned based on the infant's experiences. Correct Answer: Synapses, cerebral cortex When infants are first born, they are able to see up to the distance of about _____ inches in front of their face. Correct Answer: 8 7 Mothers who express _____ child-rearing beliefs, concerns about spoiling their infants, or beliefs that their infant acted in intentionally negative ways are _____ likely to engage in positive interactions with their babies. Correct Answer: traditional, least Studies show that securely attached children are likely to demonstrate _____. Correct Answer: empathy Which of the following milestones of an infant's motor development typically occurs first? Correct Answer: imaginative play The fetus gains most of its weight during the _____ trimester. Correct Answer: third Which of the following terms refers to the ability to observe and understand emotional cues of others and then use those cues to guide one's behavior? Correct Answer: social referencing _____ refers to a child's ability to recognize, express, and regulate his or her feelings. Correct Answer: emotional development 8 Which of the following techniques exemplifies the use of cognitive therapy with toddlers? Correct Answer: playing games A major theme running through toddlerhood is the increasing movement toward _____, including mastery and control over oneself and one's environment. Correct Answer: autonomy Constant criticism, threats, or rejection, as well as withholding love, support, or guidance to one's child are examples of _____. Correct Answer: emotional abuse For parents who are attempting to transition their toddler to sleep alone, TVs, computers, and any other electronic devices may be helpful if left in the child's room to create an environment that does not make the child feel alone. Correct Answer: false _____, begin(s) to develop at about _____. Correct Answer: circadian rhythms, 6 weeks Research documents the many social benefits of introducing educational media for children under the age of 2. Correct Answer: false 9 Children who become quiet, cry, or hide behind a parent when a new person approaches may be experiencing _____. Correct Answer: stranger anxiety The primary difference between abusive and nonabusive parents is the frequency and intensity with which parents direct negative behavior toward their child. Correct Answer: true A consistent routine at bedtime will lower stress levels and create steps that are anticipated by the toddler. Correct Answer: true Compared to infancy, physical development seems slow during the toddler years. Correct Answer: true The primary task for the preschool child, according to Erikson, is to develop_____. Correct Answer: initiative Preschoolers' thinking is _____ and _____. Correct Answer: symbolic, egocentric 10 _____ programs use coaching procedures that include four skills that consist of leading peers, asking questions of peers, making comments to peers, and supporting peers. Correct Answer: skills training A child's intelligence and ability to regulate behavior are examples of _____, which can alter their responses to an environmental threat. Correct Answer: protective factors According to Piaget, preschoolers are in the _____ stage of cognitive development. Correct Answer: pre-operational Which of the following does not foster resilience? Correct Answer: reactive parenting According to _____, females are typically less concerned with justice and more concerned with caring and preserving relationships when making a decision. Correct Answer: gilligan According to _____, preschoolers are in a stage referred to as _____, when children tend to think of actions as either always being right or always being wrong. Correct Answer: piaget, mortality of constraint _____ parents are responsive and have high, realistic expectations. 11 Correct Answer: authoritative _____'s concept of the zone of proximal development emphasizes that people in the child's life influence the child's cognitive abilities. Correct Answer: vygotsky By what age do children respond to directions, begin to use objects as tools, and solve simple problems such as using one object to reach another? Correct Answer: 18 months By _____ months, a child can mold play dough, put round and square pegs into holes, and turn rotating handles. Correct Answer: 24 By what age do children begin to develop memories? Correct Answer: 3 years Which of the following may cause toddlers to struggle with toilet training? Correct Answer: loud flushing sound of the toilet Symptoms of _____ in toddlers include severe distress, worry, or fear leading to impairment of functioning. These symptoms are often accompanied by headaches and nausea. 12 Correct Answer: separation anxiety As a counselor, you are mandated to report any reasonable suspicion of child abuse. Correct Answer: true Early childhood educators tend to reflect more on up-to-date research and their training rather than reflecting on their own upbringing when suggesting disciplinary practices for toddlers' parents. Correct Answer: false Biting is a typical normal behavior for many toddlers. Correct Answer: true _____ is an empirically-based approach to eliminate challenging behaviors and replace them with positive social skills. Correct Answer: PBS Which of the following may exacerbate temper tantrums in preschool children? Correct Answer: Sibling rivalry When engaging in _____ play, a child plays in a group that is organized for a purpose (i.e., making something, attaining a competitive goal, imitating adult life, formal games, etc.). 13 Correct Answer: cooperative Preschool children with behavior problems are more likely to experience academic failure and drop out. Correct Answer: true When working with children exhibiting tantrum behavior or their parents, it is important to remember that the children are throwing tantrums on purpose. Correct Answer: false Behavior problems in preschool children are unlikely determine their future socialization skills as they get older. Correct Answer: false Preschoolers can learn to interact with other people or develop socio-dramatic play when they are using interactive online games. Correct Answer: false According to Selman, during the _____ stage of social perspective taking, children display a collaborative integration of relationship dynamics. Correct Answer: 4th 14 During middle childhood, children have an expanded working memory, which allows them to take in and manage more information at one time. Correct Answer: true Cognitive development is unlikely to be effected by a child's socioeconomic status. Correct Answer: false Children who use _____ to achieve dominance are generally more liked by their peers. Correct Answer: prosocial strategies Question: Specialized antibullying interventions in schools should focus primarily on fostering positive _____. Correct Answer: school climate The male's adolescent growth spurt does not typically occur until the age of _____. Correct Answer: 14 _____ involves the child realizing that just because the shape or form of an object changes, that object doesn't simply appear or disappear. Correct Answer: conversation Addressing the psychological barriers to physical activity may be paramount in successful therapeutic treatment of obesity in children and adolescents. 15 Correct Answer: true Which of the following counseling approaches can be used most effectively as a preventative and remedial intervention for dealing with middle-school students who have repetitive behavioral issues in the school setting? Correct Answer: choice theory During the _____ stage of Piaget's theory of moral development, moral reasoning is governed by external rules. Correct Answer: heteronomous morality During the _____ stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the social orientation or focus is on law and order. Correct Answer: conventional Popularity seems to be linked to _____. Correct Answer: physical attractiveness School children that are living in poverty are more likely to _____. Correct Answer: become a victim of crime During middle childhood, thought processes develop into what Piaget classified as the _____ stage. 16 Correct Answer: concrete operational _____ in children is now the number one health concern among parents in the United States. Correct Answer: obesity For middle school children, their parents' opinions are influential, but their peers' opinions are more important. Correct Answer: true _____ parents are highly demanding and use a high level of control in handling their children. They usually show little affection toward their children and have closed communication between one another. Correct Answer: authoritarian _____ equips children with the skills needed to practice self-monitoring or selfinstruction techniques. Correct Answer: metacognition Which of the following has not been shown to be an effective counselor intervention to address bullying at school? Correct Answer: assemblies about the prevalence of interracial bullying 17 Children as young as age 8 have been reported taking part in unhealthy dieting and eating behaviors. Correct Answer: true Developmental psychologists Correct Answer: Study age-related changes that occur throughout the life span, from conception until death. Nature vs. nurture Correct Answer: Debate has motivated the study of development. That is a person's development determined by heredity or by environment. Psychologists today recognize that both nature and nurture interact to influence the developmental process. Heredity Correct Answer: Is the transmission of ancestral characteristics from parents to offspring through the genes. Genes Correct Answer: Determine hereditary characteristics and are the chemical blueprints of all living things. They are made up of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and possess the information that determines the makeup of every cell in our body. They lie along chromosomes, bodies that are in the nucleus of each cell in our body. Every cell 18 (except sex cells) contain 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs. Sex cells only contain 23 single chromosomes. Ova Correct Answer: Female sex cell. Contains an X chromosome. Sperm Correct Answer: Male sex cell. Contains either and X or Y chromosome. Genotype Correct Answer: Is a term used to refer to an individual's genetic makeup. Phenotype Correct Answer: Refers to how a given genotype is expressed. Phenotype occurs as a result of an interaction between genotype and environment. Dominant genes Correct Answer: Are expressed in an individual's phenotype whenever they are present in the genotype. Recessive genes Correct Answer: Are expressed in an individual's phenotype only when they are paired with a similar recessive gene. 19 Prenatal development Correct Answer: Refers to the period of development from conception to birth. The average pregnancy lasts 270 days or 40 weeks. The three stages of prenatal development are Correct Answer: Ovum/Germinal, embryonic, and fetal. Ovum/Germinal Correct Answer: The first two weeks after conception. Is a microscopic mass of multiplying cells. Embryonic Correct Answer: Second to eighth week after conception. Only about one inch long by end of this stage. Most vital organs and bodily systems begin to form. Major birth defects are often due to problems that occur during this stage. Fetal Correct Answer: From two months after conception until birth. Muscles and bones form. Vital organs continue to grow and begin to function. During last three months, brain develops rapidly. Outline of what happens when in prenatal development 20 Correct Answer: App. week Development 2 week Implantation on uterine wall 3-4 week Heart begins to pump 4 week Digestive system begins to form, eyes begin to form 5 week Ears begin to form 6 week Arms and legs begin to appear 7-8 week Male sex organs form, fingers form. 8 week Bones begin to form, legs and arms move, toes form. 10-11 week Female sex organs form. 12 week Fetus weighs about one ounce, fetal movement can occur, fingerprints form. 20 week Mother feels movement, reflexes (sucking, swallowing, and hiccuping) occur, nails, sweat glands and soft hair develop. 27 week Fetus weighs about two pounds. 38 week Fetus weighs about seven pounds. 40 week Full-term baby born. Teratogens Correct Answer: Any agents that may cross the placental barrier from mother to embryo/fetus causing abnormalities. What abnormalities occur depend on what is developing prenatally as well as what the harmful agent is. Possible teratogens 21 Correct Answer: maternal diseases (viruses), diet, drug use (alcohol and nicotine), exposure to x-rays, medications (hormones), and other environmental influences. Fetal alcohol syndrome Correct Answer: Flattened nose, underdeveloped upper lip, widely spaced eyes, small head, mental retardation can occur as a result of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Critical period Correct Answer: Any time during development that some developmental process must occur or it never will. Temperament Correct Answer: Refers to a child's characteristic mood and activity level. Even young infants are temperamentally different from one another. Developmental norms for motor development are Correct Answer: 0-2 months infants (while prone on stomach) can lift head. 2-4 months (while prone) can hold chest up. 2-5 months can roll from side to back. 3-4 months will reach for objects. 5-8 months sits without support. 5-10 months stands holding objects. 8-10 months crawls. 6-10 months pulls self up to stand. 7-13 months "cruises" walks by holding on to objects. 11-14 months walks alone. 14-22 months walks up stairs. 22 Developmental norms Correct Answer: Describe the average age that children display various abilities. Cephalocaudal principle Correct Answer: Describes the head-to-foot direction of motor development. That is, children tend to gain control over the upper portions of their bodies before the lower part. Proximodistal principle Correct Answer: Of development describes the center-outward direction of motor development. For instance, children gain control of their torso before their extremities. Maturation Correct Answer: A term used to describe a genetically programmed biological plan of development that is relatively independent of experence. Vision Correct Answer: Infants can see at birth. Although their visual acuity is very poor. Taste Correct Answer: Infants respond to the four basic tastes (sweet, salty, sour, and bitter), but they usually prefer sweet. 23 Smelling Correct Answer: Infants can smell the difference between their mothers and strangers by six weeks of age. Hearing Correct Answer: Infants can hear as early as seven weeks before delivery. Shortly after birth, newborn infants appear capable of discriminating between sounds of different duration, loudness and pitch. Preconceptual Correct Answer: 18 months to 4 years. First such use of representational thought and symbols, such as words, for objects; classification of objects. Preoperational stage Correct Answer: Two to seven years of age. Divided into two categories: Preconceptual and Intuitive thought. Thinkers in this stage can now symbolize or mentally represent their world. They can now think about objects that they are not interacting with at the present time. Sensorimotor stage Correct Answer: Birth to approximately two years of age. Children "think" during this stage as a result of coordination of sensory input and motor responses. 24 Piaget's four stages of cognitive development Correct Answer: Piaget's four stages of cognitive development Psychoanalytic theory of gender roles Correct Answer: Freud's theory proposes that children establish their gender-role identity as a result of identification with their same-sex parent during the phallic stage. Cognitive theory of gender roles Correct Answer: Kohlberg argued that children learn about gender the same way that they acquire other cognitive concepts. In the gender labeling (2 - 3 1/2 years) stage, the child slowly becomes aware that he or she is part of a particular sex group. At this point the knowledge is little more than a label, like a personal name. In the gender stability ( 3 1/2 - 4 1/2 years) stage, children become more aware of the durability of their gender and can predict stereotypical roles later in life. However, children are still focused on the physical aspects of gender and believe that a physical change - such as donning the clothes of the opposite sex - can lead to a change in gender. Finally, between 4 1/2 and 7 years, gender consistency develops. In this stage children come to understand the permanency of gender. Social learning theories about gender roles 25 Correct Answer: Proposes that children learn gender roles because they are rewarded for appropriate behavior and punished for appropriate gender role behaviors. Children also watch and imitate the behaviors of others. Gender roles Correct Answer: Are our set of expectations about appropriate activities for females and males. Cross-sectional Correct Answer: Studies different groups of individuals who are at different ages at the same point in time. Longitudinal study Correct Answer: One that repeatedly observes and follows up the same group of individuals as they mature. Adaptation Correct Answer: Piagetian term. The process by which a person changes to function more effectively in a given situation. Consists of assimilation and accommodation. Organization Correct Answer: Piagetian term. Combining and integrating simple schemes. 26 Scheme or Schema Correct Answer: Piagetian term. Basic thought structures about what the world, objects, events, etc. are like. Conservation Correct Answer: Piagetian term. The understanding that when something takes a different shape it still contains the same amount (i.e. water poured from a tall skinny glass has the same amount when it is poured into a short fat glass). Egocentrism Correct Answer: Piagetian term. Inability to consider another's viewpoint. Centration Correct Answer: Piagetian term. The tendency to focus on one detail in a situation to the neglect of other important features. Irreversibility Correct Answer: Piagetian term. The inability to mentally reverse a physical action to return an object to its original state. Formal operations Correct Answer: 12 to 15 years. Can form hypothesis, can go beyond appearances to deal with the truth or falsity of propositions. 27 Concrete operations Correct Answer: 7 to 11 years. Can preform mental operations and reverse them. Can add up "all the marbles." Operations are however confined to concrete and tangible objects that are immediately present. Intuitive thought Correct Answer: 4 to 7 years. Beginning of reasoning, but thinking is fragmented, centered on parts of things, rigid, and based wholly on appearance. Intimacy vs. isolation Correct Answer: Young adulthood. After establishing an identity, a person is prepared to form deep, intimate relationships with others. Failure to establish intimacy with others leads to a deep sense of isolation. Identity vs. role confusion Correct Answer: Adolescence. The development of identity involves finding out who we are, what we value, and where we are headed in life. In their search for identity, adolescents experiment with different roles. If we establish an integrated image of ourselves as a unique person, then we establish a sense of identity. If not, role confusion results and can be expressed by individuals withdrawing and isolating themselves from family and friends or by losing themselves in the crowd. 28 Industry vs. inferiority Correct Answer: 6-12 years. In elementary school, children learn skills that are valued by society. Success or failure while learning these skills can have lasting effects on a child's feelings of adequacy. Initiative vs. guilt Correct Answer: 4-5 years. Children are asked to assume more responsibility. Through play, children learn to plan, undertake, and carry out a task. Parent can encourage initiative by giving children the freedom to play, to use their imagination, etc. Children who are criticized or discouraged from taking the initiative, learn to feel guilty. Autonomy vs Shame and doubt Correct Answer: 1-3 years. Children begin to express self-control by climbing, exploring, touching, and toilet training. Parents can foster a sense of autonomy by encouraging children to try new things. If restrained or punished too harshly, shame and doubt can develop. Trust vs. mistrust Correct Answer: First year of life. Infant's needs must be met by responsive, sensitive caretakers. If this occurs, a basic sense of trust and optimism develops. If not, mistrust and fear of the future results. Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development are 29 Correct Answer: Trust/mistrust, autonomy/shame and doubt, initiative/guilt, industry/inferiority, identity/role confusion, intimacy/isolation, generativity/stagnation, integrity/despair. Erik Erikson Correct Answer: Proposed eight stages of social-emotional/personality development. He believed that personality continues to develop over the entire life span. He believed that events that occur early in development can leave a permanent mark on one's later social-emotional development. Accomodation Correct Answer: Piagetian term. An ongoing process of refining motor or mental schema to fit the continually changing circumstances of one's environment. Changing or adjusting a scheme based on experience, understanding, etc. Assimilation Correct Answer: Piagetian term. The process of applying an existing motor or mental scheme to various situations. Interpreting an even or experience based on our current scheme or thought structure. Morality of individual principles orientation Correct Answer: Behavior is direction by self-chosen ethical principles. High value is placed on justice, dignity, and equality. 30 Social contract orientation Correct Answer: Stage 5. Flexible understanding that people obey rules because they are necessary for the social order but that rules can change if there are good reasons and better alternatives. Authority orientation Correct Answer: Stage 4. Emphasis is on upholding the law, order, and authority and doing one's duty by following societal rules. Good-boy/good-girl orientation Correct Answer: Stage 3. Good behavior is that which pleases others and gets their approval. Reward orientation Correct Answer: Stage 2. An action is determined by one's own needs. Punishment orientation Correct Answer: Stage 1. A person complies with rules during this stage in order to avoid punishment. Six stages of Kohlberg's theory of moral development 31 Correct Answer: Level 1: Preconventional morality - Punishment orientation, reward orientation. Level 2: Conventional morality - Good-boy/good-girl orientation, authority orientation. Level 3: Postconventional morality - Social contract orientation, Morality of individual principles orientation. Kohlberg's theory of moral development Correct Answer: Model of moral development based on an individual's responses to moral questions called moral dilemmas. Describe how individual's pass through a series of three levels of moral development, each of which can be broken into two sublevels, resulting in a total of six stages. Integrity vs. despair Correct Answer: Late adulthood. This is a time of looking back at our lives, If we believe, overall, out lives have been well spent, a sense of integrity develops. If not, a sense of despair over the value of one's life will result. Generativity vs. stagnation Correct Answer: Middle adulthood. An interest in guiding the next generation is the main task of middle adulthood. This can be accomplished through one's creative or productive work or through caring for children. If adults do not feel that they have assisted the younger generation, a sense of stagnation will result. Ageism 32 Correct Answer: Refers to prejudice against older people Geonotologists Correct Answer: Study aging. Middle adulthood Correct Answer: Lasts from approximately 40 to 65 years of age. Early adulthood Correct Answer: Extends from approximately 20 to 40 years of age. Psychological moratorium Correct Answer: Refers to the gap between the security of childhood and the autonomy of adulthood, where a person is free from responsibilities and can experiment with different roles. Adolescence Correct Answer: Is that time in development that occurs between childhood and adulthood. Psychotherapy Correct Answer: Is the treatment of emotional and behavioral problems through psychological techniques. It involves conversation or verbal interactions between a 33 person with a psychological disorder and someone who has been trained to help correct that disorder. Insight therapy Correct Answer: Any psychotherapy where the goal is to help clients better understand themselves, their situation, or their problems Action therapy Correct Answer: This therapy focuses on directly changing a troubling habit or behavior. Directive therapy Correct Answer: Any approach in which the therapist provides strong guidance during therapy sessions. Nondirective therapy Correct Answer: A therapeutic technique in which clients assume responsibility for solving their own problems. The therapist creates a supportive atmosphere so this can happen. Individual therapy Correct Answer: A therapy session involving one client and one therapist 34 Group therapy Correct Answer: A therapy session that includes several clients at one time and one or more therapists. One particular problem or difficult is usually the focus (e.g., alcoholism or eating disorders) Family therapy Correct Answer: An approach that focuses on the family as a whole unit. Th goal is to avoid labeling a single family member as the focus of therapy; each person's contribution to the group is the focus. Outpatient therapy Correct Answer: Clients receive psychotherapy while they live in the community. Inpatient therapy Correct Answer: Clients receive psychotherapy while in a hospital or other residential institution. Psychoanalysis Correct Answer: Is an insight therapy that emphasizes the understanding of unconscious conflicts, motives, and defense mechanisms. Neurosis 35 Correct Answer: Freud felt that neurotic disorders were cause by unconscious conflicts that were left over from early childhood. He concluded that the neurotic or hysterical symptoms displayed by his patients developed out of these unconscious conflicts, wishes, and fantasies from their childhoods. Free association Correct Answer: Patients do not censor their thoughts or words but are encouraged to spontaneously say whatever comes to their mind. In order to encourage this, patients relax by lying on a couch, facing away from the analylist Dream analysis Correct Answer: Freud felt that dreams were "the royal road to the unconscious," whereby the id feels free to reveal itself. The manifest content of dreams is what the patient actually remembers about the dream. The latent content is what the dream symbolizes. Psychoanalysts help interpret the latent content for patients. Interpretations Correct Answer: Psychoanalysts offer insights or alternative ways of looking at dreams, thought, and behaviors based on possible unconscious needs and desires Defense mechanisms Correct Answer: Throughout therapy, analysts look for signs of possible defense mechanisms 36 Transference Correct Answer: Analysts believe if they maintain a neutral relationship with patients and reveal nothing about themselves, transference will develop. Transference occurs when patients transfer feelings about other people (e.g., their parents) to their perception of their therapist. Possible signs of transference include falling in love or being hostile with the therapist. Resistance Correct Answer: Resistance involves any unconscious behaviors by the patient that hinder the progress of therapy. Some example include being late for therapy sessions, missing sessions, or becoming angry at the therapist. Psychdynamic Correct Answer: Is often used to refer to a variety of approaches that descend from Freud's theory and were developed by neo-Freudians. Examples include ego analysis, interpersonal therapy, individual analysis, and object relations therapy. Humanistic therapies Correct Answer: Humanistic therapies (sometime called phenomenological) are also insight-oriented therapies. the humanist view optimistic and the emphasis of therapy is on fulfilling one's potential. Client-centered, Gestalt, and Existential are forms of humanistic therapy. 37 The goal of existential therapy Correct Answer: Is for clients to come to grips with the freedoms they have, to understand how they fit in with the e of the world. and to give them more meaning for their lives. Existential therapy is based on the premise Correct Answer: That the inability to deal with freedom can produce anguish, fear, and concern. Existential therapy Correct Answer: Is a humanistic approach to therapy that addresses the meaning of life and allows clients to devise a system of values that gives purpose of their lives. The goal of gestalt therapy Correct Answer: Is for clients to become aware of what they are doing and how they can change, while learning to accept and value themselves. Active listening Correct Answer: Technique in which therapist attempts to understanding both the content and emotion of a client's statements. Reflection 38 Correct Answer: Technique whereby the therapist serves as a psychological "mirror" by communicating back to the client a summary of what was said or what emotion the client seems to be expressing. Congruence Correct Answer: Also known as genuineness or realness. Therapist does not maintain a formal attitude, but rather expresses what she/he genuinely feels - strives to be authentic. Empathy Correct Answer: The therapist attempts to see the world through the client's eyes in order to achieve an accurate understanding of the client's emotions. Unconditional positive regard Correct Answer: The client is accepted totally by the therapist. The therapist always portrays a positive, nonjudgmental attitude toward the client. Carl Rogers Correct Answer: Founded client-centered or person-centered therapy. This therapy attempts to focus on the person's own point of view, instead of the therapist's interpretations Meta-analysis 39 Correct Answer: A mathematical technique that summarizes the outcomes of many different studies. Spontaneous remission Correct Answer: Sometimes occurs when psychological disorders clear up on their own without treatment or therapy. RET is Correct Answer: A directive, confrontational form of therapy that is designed to challenge clients' irrational beliefs about themselves and others. It helps clients replace irrational beliefs with rational ones that are appropriate and less distressing. RET's abc theory Correct Answer: A refers to the activating event, B to the person's belief about the event, and C to the emotional consequences that follows. Ellis claimed that A does not cause C, but instead B causes C. If the belief is irrational, then the emotional consequences can be extreme distress. Rational-emotive therapy (RET) Correct Answer: Developed by Albert Ellis. It encourages people to examine their beliefs carefully and rationally, to make positive statements about themselves, and to solve problems effectively. 40 Cognitive-behavior therapy Correct Answer: Is a blending of behavioral therapy and cognitive therapy. The goal of cognitive therapy Correct Answer: Is to change or restructure client's thinking. Cognitive therapists Correct Answer: argue that people have psychological disorders because their thinking is inappropriate or maladaptive. Cognitive therapists Correct Answer: Are insight therapies that emphasize recognizing and changing negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs. Confrontation Correct Answer: May be used in existential therapy whereby clients are challenged to examine the quality of their existence. Operant or instrumental conditioning Correct Answer: Occurs whenever voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences. Token economies, contingency contracting, time-out, extinction, and punishment are therapeutic approaches based on operant conditioning. 41 Aversion therapy Correct Answer: Is another therapy based on classical conditioning. It is also a form of counterconditioning that pairs an aversive or noxious stimulus with a stimulus that elicits an undesired behavior. Flooding Correct Answer: Is another behavioral technique used to help client overcome fears, and it is almost the opposite of systematic desensitization. During flooding, clients are exposed to the fear all at once for an extended period until their anxiety decreases. Systematic desensitization is a three step process Correct Answer: 1. The therapist and client construct a hierarchy of fears, the client ranks (from the least amount to the greatest amount of fear) specific situations that arouse anxiety. 2. The client is trained in relaxation techniques. 3. The client works through the hierarchy of fears while practicing the relaxation techniques. Counterconditioning Correct Answer: Is a process of reconditioning in which a person is taught a new, more adaptive response to a stimulus. Systematic desensitization 42 Correct Answer: Is a behavior therapy used to reduce client's anxiety and fear responses through counterconditioning. Systematic desensitization and aversion therapy are two therapies base on the ________ __________ approach Correct Answer: Classical conditioning Classical conditioning Correct Answer: Occurs whenever a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to evoke a response that wass originally triggered by another stimulus. Behavioral therapies are often referred to as ______ ___________. Correct Answer: Behavior modification Behavioral therapies Correct Answer: Are based on the assumption that both normal and abnormal behaviors are learned. Treatment consists, therefore of either learning a new "normal" behavior or unlearning a maladaptive behavior. Psychopharmacotherapy Correct Answer: Is the treatment of mental disorders with medication. This is often referred to as drug therapy. 43 Biological perspective Correct Answer: Views abnormal behavior as a symptom of an underlying physical disorder and usually favors biological therapy. Social skills training Correct Answer: Is a behavioral therapy designed to improve interpersonal skills and emphasizes modeling, behavioral rehearsal, and shaping. Participant modeling Correct Answer: Is a technique that occurs when the model not only demonstrates the appropriate behavior in graduated steps, by the client attempts to imitate the model step-by-step. The therapist provides encouragement and support Observational learning and modeling Correct Answer: Occurs when children and adults learn behaviors by observing others. Punishment Correct Answer: Occurs when behavior is followed by an aversive stimulus. The goal is to eliminate the inappropriate behavior and is often combined with positive reinforcement for appropriate behavior. Extinction 44 Correct Answer: Occurs when a maladaptive behavior is not followed by reinforcers. Often involves ignoring a behavior. Time-out Correct Answer: Used to eliminate undesirable behavior, usually with children. It involves moving the individual away from all reinforcement for a period of time. Contingency contracting Correct Answer: A written agreement is drawn up between the therapist and client that states behavioral objectives the client hopes to attain. Contracts usually state positive consequences or rewards for meeting the objectives and sometimes include negative consequences if goals are not met. Token economies Correct Answer: Desired behaviors are rewarded with tokens that can later be exchanged for desired objects or privileges. Clients are "fined" (i.e., must return some tokens) for inappropriate behaviors. Often used in institutional settings, such as schools, hospitals, etc. Deinstitutionalization Correct Answer: Is the discharging of people from mental hospitals into the community, hopefully into a supportive environment of family and friends. This happened in the 1960's. 45 Community psychotherapy Correct Answer: Is a movement that attempts to minimize or prevent mental disorders, not just treat them. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Correct Answer: Is the passing of an electric current through the brains of their patients. ______ adapts the social learning theory to career behavior. Correct Answer: Krumboltz The______ is a visual image that demonstrates the need to expand self-awareness and information regarding relevant external factors before narrowing the field of choices for a decision. Correct Answer: Career Diamond _______basic thesis is that an individual's personality is better suited to some work environments and poorly matched to other work environments. Correct Answer: John Holland Holland's research has created an image showing the interrelationships between ___ personality categories. 46 Correct Answer: 6 Holland's mnemonic Correct Answer: RIASEC Holland's RIASEC mnemonic: Correct Answer: Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Convention The ______ categories introduce the client to the concept of broad matches between the individual's personality and characteristics of the work environment. Correct Answer: RIASEC According to Holland, the more a person's personality matches their occupational environment, the more________ the match. Correct Answer: Congruent Using the _______ personality categories and matching the related _______ occuptional categories creates a teaching interaction between the client and the counselor. Correct Answer: RIASEC Super's description of the stages of career development presents a view of ________movement over the course of the lifetime. 47 Correct Answer: Psychological ______ basic thesis: An individual's personality is better suited to some work environments and poorly matched to other work environments. Correct Answer: Holland's Tiedman, Miller-Tiedman, and Gelatt have_________ Correct Answer: investigated the characteristics of career decision making. Gottfredson shows how cognitive limits stem from the social constructs related to ______ and _______. Correct Answer: Gender and Prestige _______ applies learning principles to describe the development of an individual's career interests , choices, and performance efforts. Correct Answer: SCCT - Social Cognitive Career Theory Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) is based upon_________ Social Cognitive Theory. Correct Answer: Bandura's Krumboltz made a major contribution in applying social learning theory to__________. Correct Answer: Career Development 48 ________ research has identified attitudes and beliefs that restrict successful career behavior. Correct Answer: Krumboltz's Krumbotz's theory offers concepts that describe how individuals learn crucial career constructs that affect________and behavior. Correct Answer: career attitudes Super provides a developmental description for how career identity gradually______ and _______ Correct Answer: Matures and Changes Super defined_________ as the ability to deal with the requirements of the particular situation within the context of a person's stage of development. Correct Answer: Career Maturity Parsons Correct Answer: the Father of Vocational Guidance, wrote the book Choosing a Vocation Vocational Guidance 49 Correct Answer: is seen as developmental and educational process within the school system career counseling Correct Answer: therapeutic service for adults performed outside of an educational setting career Correct Answer: the total work one does in a lifetime plus leisure leisure Correct Answer: the time one has away from work which is not being utilized for obligations dual career families... Correct Answer: have less leisure time trait and factor approach Correct Answer: actuarial or matching approach, attempts to match the worker and the work environment, assuming that there is one best or single career for the person. theory says that an individuals traits can be matched so a career choice is a one time process, testing is an important part of this process. 50 trait and factor approach was coined by.... Correct Answer: Parsons and Williamson Edmund Griffith Williamson Correct Answer: used the Minnesota Occupational Rating Scale for a scientific, didactic approach Trait and factor does NOT Correct Answer: take into consideration the changes throughout the life span Structural/Personality Theorists (3) Correct Answer: Roe, Britt and Holland Holland's 6 basic personality types Correct Answer: AS RICEartistic, social, realistic, investigative, conventional, enterprising John Holland Correct Answer: the most popular approach to career choice today, 4 assumptions: 6 personality types, work environments correspond to those, people search for agreeable environments, behavior is determined by personality and environment Brill 51 Correct Answer: emphasized sublimation as an ego defense mechanism...example a person who likes to cut things up might be a surgeon or a butcher Bordin Correct Answer: felt that career choices could be used to solve unconscious conflicts, felt that difficulties related to job choice were indicative of neurotic symptoms Roe's parenting styles Correct Answer: overprotective, avoidant, acceptant...these impact whether or not a child gravitates toward people or away from people, impacting career choice. Levels: Correct Answer: professional and managerial 1, profession al and managerial 2, semiprofessional/small business, skilled, semi skilled, and unskilled Fields: Correct Answer: service, business contact, organizations, technology, outdoor, science, general culture and arts/entertainment Fields and Levels approach, 8 fields, 6 levels Correct Answer: Anne Roe Anne Roe 52 Correct Answer: personality approach to career choice based on the premise that a job satisfies an unconscious need, career choice influenced by genetics, parent child interaction, unconscious motivators, current needs, inters, education and intelligence Ginzburg and colleagues believed Correct Answer: 1) the process of career choice does not end in adulthood 2) career choices are made throughout the lifespan 3)career choice is reversible Ginzburg, Ginsburg, Axelrad and Herma were Correct Answer: pioneers in the area of career choice with the belief that it was a longitudinal process rather than a single choice Henry Murry is associated with the Correct Answer: "Needs-press" theory Holland believed... Correct Answer: that a given occupation will attract persons with similar personalities. conventional personality Correct Answer: values conformity, structure, rules and feels comfortable in a subordinate role 53 artistic personality Correct Answer: values feelings or pure intellect or cognitive ability investigative personality Correct Answer: likes to think his or her way through problems realistic or motoristic personality Correct Answer: likes machines enterprising personality Correct Answer: likes to sell to other or perform leadership tasks, values power and status Social personality type Correct Answer: likes to solve problems using interpersonal skills and feelings guided imagery Correct Answer: to imagine a day in the field of choice RJP Correct Answer: realistic job preview by contacting and interviewing someone in the field of choice 54 John Krumboltz Correct Answer: postulated a social learning approach to career choice based on the work of Bandura, behavioristic model, might suggest a site visit to a work setting Tiedman and O'Hara Correct Answer: coined the "decision making theory" which refers to periods of anticipation and implementation/adjustment John Crites Correct Answer: he performed research on career maturity or vocational maturity theaters Correct Answer: the places where our roles are played out such a home , community, school, work (SUPER) life-career rainbow Correct Answer: the graphic display of the roles of our lives unfolding over the life span (SUPER) Super's 5 stages of career development Correct Answer: 1)Growth (birth to 14)2)Exploration (15-24)3)Establishment (24- 44)4)Maintenance (44-64)5)Decline (65+) 55 Donald Super Correct Answer: most popular developmental career theorist who emphasized self concept Ginzburg's 3 stages of career development Correct Answer: 1)fantasy (birth to 11)2)tentative (11-17)3) realistic (age 17- early 20's) compensatory effect Correct Answer: a worker compensates or makes up for things that they can't do on the job (a loud librarian) self efficacy theory Correct Answer: Bandura proposed that one's belief of expectation of being successful in an occupation cause them to gravitate toward that particular occupation. GOE (Guide for Occupational Exploration) has .... Correct Answer: 14 interest areas and helps job seekers explore jobs in given interest areas Dictionary of Occupational Titles was .... Correct Answer: first published in 1939, gives each title a 9 digit code, with the first 3 digits referring to the occupational group. 56 Linda Gottfredson's developmental theory focuses on.... Correct Answer: circumscription and compromise theory says that people restrict their choices and when they compromise they sacrifice the field of work decision system Correct Answer: provides rules and criteria for evaluating the outcome value system Correct Answer: concerned with one's relative preferences regarding the outcomes predictive system Correct Answer: alternatives and the probability of outcomes Gelatt Model's 3 systems Correct Answer: 1)predictive2)value3)decision Gelatt Decision Model Correct Answer: created by Harry B. Gelatt refers to information as the "fuel of the decision" very heavy work Correct Answer: max lift exceeds 100lbs 57 heavy work Correct Answer: max lift 100 lbs medium work Correct Answer: max lift 50 lbs light work Correct Answer: max lift 20 pounds sedentary work Correct Answer: maximum lifting up to 10 pounds Self directed search (SDS) is.... Correct Answer: based on the work of Holland, self administered, self score and self interpreted lifestyle Correct Answer: a broad tem that includes work, leisure and style of living central tendency bias Correct Answer: when a rater keeps most everyone in the average range 58 recency effect Correct Answer: when a rater's judgment of an employee reflects primarily his or her most recent performance Spillover Correct Answer: a worker's job spills over into their time off Job finding clubs Correct Answer: are behavioristic groups were clients share job leads and working on skills to secure work such as resumes and interviews SIGI Plus Correct Answer: System Interactive Guidance and Information is a computer career program that allows students to conduct a self assessment and explore career options Occupational Sex Segregation concept Correct Answer: means that most women hold low paying jobs with low status ASFAB Correct Answer: Armed Services Vocational Aptitud DAT 59 Correct Answer: Differential Aptitude Test helps students decide whether a student should attend college GATB Correct Answer: General Aptitude Test Battery is utilized by the state employment security offices. 2 Interest inventorie Correct Answer: the Strong and the Kuder Holland's graphical representation is in the shape of Correct Answer: a hexagon SDS scores will reveal Correct Answer: the individual's three highest scores based on Holland's personality types 76% of jobs Correct Answer: are not advertised Career testing difficulties include Correct Answer: stereotyping, biased tests in favor of white middle class clients and the counselor may rely too heavily on the tests. 60 Crites Correct Answer: well known for his CMI or Career Maturity Inventory Hoppock Correct Answer: says that we should find a job to fit our needs In addition to negative mood, factors such as _____ and _____ have been shown to have an effect on eating behaviors with adolescents. Correct Answer: family;media The _____ signals to the pituitary gland to release hormones during adolescence. Correct Answer: hypothalamus Which of the following is more likely to occur in adolescents as a result of experiencing early puberty? Correct Answer: developing dependence on alcohol The presence of peers activates the ventral striatum and _____ as the adolescents make decisions that concern risk-taking behaviors. Correct Answer: orbitofrontal cortex 61 Research shows that adolescents tend to engage in fewer risk-taking behaviors when in the presence of their peers. Correct Answer: false A _____'s growth spurt typically happens _____ years before that of a _____. Correct Answer: girl,two,boy Adolescents described by _____ experience numerous crises and try on many identities but have not committed to an identity. Correct Answer: identity moratorium Early onset of puberty is unlikely to be the result of _____. Correct Answer: improved nutrition Adolescent risk-taking may be a form of modeling and romanticizing adult behavior. Correct Answer: true Which of the following is an example of a non-suicidal self-injurious act, as defined by Klonsky? Correct Answer: head-banging _____ believed that females tend to emphasize caring when cognitively handling ethical decisions whereas males emphasize justice. 62 Correct Answer: gilligan _____ may be the greatest risk factor among externalizing behaviors for bulimia. Correct Answer: impulsivity The symptoms of anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders usually first appear during _____. Correct Answer: early or middle adolescence Which of the following are the best predictors of a positive transition from a high school to the college setting? Correct Answer: high academicethic and acheivement Perry's Theory of epistemic cognition states that individuals move from _____ to _____ thinking as they mature. Correct Answer: dualistic relativistic Late adolescents have the lowest rate of drinking, taking pills, and smoking marijuana due to their maturing levels of moral and cognitive development. Correct Answer: false Students in the college culture who frequently engage in hooking up tend to be younger, White, and less religious. 63 Correct Answer: true Differences in sexual activity are most often related to _____ and _____. Correct Answer: gender, sexual values Earlier sleep and wake times correlated with lower grade point averages in late adolescence. Correct Answer: false As the brain matures, the neural connections between the _____ and the _____ begin to disappear allowing the individual to reduce the influence of peers. Correct Answer: prefrontal cortex, limbic system psychoeducational groups stress Correct Answer: growth through knowledge for counseling groups it is recommenced that the number of members ___ for groups of children compared to groups of adults Correct Answer: decrease in life training for _____ groups, it is believed that individuals can be taught on an interpersonal level how to stop problems from occurring Correct Answer: psychoeducational 64 one of the primary aims of a membership in psychotherapy group is ____ meaning to improve personalities or interpersonal functioning Correct Answer: reconstruction characteristics of self help groups include Correct Answer: life skills groups are an example of Correct Answer: psychoeducation Before 1900, group work emphasized Correct Answer: distributing information _________________ is credited with organizing the first formal group experience that was not primarily educational or work oriented Correct Answer: Joseph Pratt Alfred Adler's form of group counseling was referred to as Correct Answer: collective counseling Alcoholics Anonymous is a type of group Correct Answer: self help 65 Kurt Lewin established "field theory" that emphasizes the interaction between individuals and their Correct Answer: environment Examples such as the Vietnam War, racial strife and social activism captures the 1960's movement that continues today that groups can Correct Answer: promote community change The individual responsible for developing the group style known as "encounter group" was Correct Answer: rogers The term used to describe the detrimental power that groups may exert over their members to conform is Correct Answer: group think An innovative group for the treatment of Borderline Personality Disorders established in the 1990s is termed Correct Answer: dialectic behavior therapy General systems theory emphasizes _______________ as opposed to ____________. Correct Answer: circular causality; linear causality