unit 20: Learning aim B Histology and Cytology (Distinction* achieved)
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Course
Unit 20 - Biomedical Science
Institution
PEARSON (PEARSON)
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The study of the microscopic organisation and structure of tissues is known as histology. This is due
to the fact that it explains the numerous methods used to produce and evaluate tissue samples
under a microscope, such as the use of dye to reveal distinct structural features and specialised
methods to visualise certain cell or molecule types. Thus, histology is important for understanding
the structure and function of cells, tissues and organs by examining & investigating under
microscope. (Kenhub, 2017)
Cytology is the study of cell structure, functions and composition. This is because cytology is a
method for determining a diagnosis, since a small amount of body tissues or fluid is collected which
will be examined under microscope. This allows us to anaylse and evaluate abnormalities in the cells
because it requires examining the cells using a microscope to learn about their internal structure,
size, and other characteristics. This suggests that a small sample of tissues is required because
cytology only examines cells. Therefore, cell culture, staining, a microscope, and image analysis are
used to examine the cell & tissues. Therefore, it helps with the diagnosis as well as management of
various disorders, including cancer. (Clinic, 2021)qerw\
Histology & cytology are two procedures necessary which help to search for diseases such
as prostate cancer and cervical cancer. This is done in order for cytology, which involves looking at
cells under a microscope for signs of abnormalities. Similarly, tissue samples undergo examination
using a microscope in histology to search for any abnormalities or cellular change. Therefore, it helps
in the diagnosis of cervical cancer and prostate cancer because it can be able to demonstrate the
current stage of the disease, meaning that it can assist decision-making on the course of treatment.
Cervical cancer
The cells in the cervix are where cervical
cancer develops. This indicates that the
cervix is the lower, narrow end of the
uterus, which connects the uterus to the
vagina. Therefore, dysplasia which refers
to the formation of abnormal cells on the
surface of the cervix, meaning that it
could lead to the development of
cervical cancer. This is because the
abnormal cell will eventually develop &
grow into a cancer cell, which could
indicate that it has the ability to spread
and extend to other body areas.
Therefore, early detection of cervical cancer can help to improve the likelihood of better treatment
and management. This is because it can help to remove the cervical cancer cell through surgery such
as hysterectomy & trachelectomy. Additionally, the two primary types of cervical cancer are
Squamous cell carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma. This further suggests that the treatment and
diagnosis method will depend on the type of cervical cancer, as well as the size and location of the
cancer. This is because if the patient is diagnosed with advanced-stage cervical cancer, then more
treatment is required such as combination of radiation and chemotherapy, or a surgical hysterectomy
to remove the cancer cell. (National Cancer Institute, 2023)
,→ Diagnosing test for cervical cancer →
There are many different cervical cancer procedures such as physical examination, screening test and
biopsies which help to diagnose and treat the cancer cell. This indicates that the diagnosing test can
provide a comprehensive conclusion which enables the doctor to select the most effective treatment
option. This is because the diagnosing tests are accurate and precise at detecting & identifying the
severity and the stage of the cancer, meaning that the doctor will have a better understanding of the
disease which helps to determine which treatment is the most successful such as surgery, radiation
therapy, chemotherapy, or combination of these treatments. This further suggests that surgery
could be the most effective choice for early stage cervical cancer, however radiation therapy as well
as chemotherapy may be used for larger cancer cells. (Nih.gov, 2014)
Pap smear
A Pap smear is a procedure which involves collecting cells from the cervix as it tests for cervical
cancer. This means that cells form the cervix which is the lowest part of the uterus are collected
during the procedure. This is because detecting cervical cancer early provides a better chance of
treatment & sure. In addition, a Pap smear can also detect any changes in the cervical cell that could
suggest cancer. Therefore, regular Pap smear tests can be able to help with cervical cancer, meaning
that it makes it treatable and preventative. In order to accurately and precisely carry out the test,
make sure that the patient is instructed to empty their bladder before starting the procedure. Next,
the patient should lay on their back on an examination table, where the doctor will gently insert a
speculum that helps to hold the vagina open. This will allow the doctor to observe and see the cervix.
Then, the doctor will use a small brush to gently scrape the cervix’s surface in order to collect the
sample of cells. Although the procedure provides important information about the patient, thus
during the procedure the patient might experience pressure and discomfort. Once the sample is
collected, the doctor will send it to the lab. (Mayoclinic.org, 2022)
A negative pap smear result means that there are no abnormal cells, whereas a positive pap smear
result means that some of the patient's cervix's cells appear abnormal. Moreover, low-grade
abnormalities are frequent and often signify that the cervix's cells have undergone mild to moderate
alterations. High-grade abnormalities, on the other hand, are less frequent but more serious since
they signify that the cervix's cells have undergone moderate to severe alterations. These alterations
could require further examinations or treatments, including a colposcopy or biopsy, as they could be
symptoms of precancerous or cancerous cells. Moreover, a negative Pap smear result indicates that
insufficient samples were obtained during the test, which is frequently the result of an inflammatory
condition or improper sample collecting methods. In this situation, a second Pap test can be advised.
Therefore, a healthcare professional should be consulted about the outcomes of a Pap smear since
they can offer additional advice and suggestions for follow-up treatment.(developer, 2018)
, HPV smear
The HPV test stands for human papillomavirus which helps to detect the abnormal cervical cells. This
is because cervical cancer is caused by a sexually transmitted virus, which means that early diagnosis
and detection can help to prevent the disease. In addition, the HPV test is similar to the Pap smear
test which is a quick and simple procedure. As a result, the patient will be instructed to empty their
bladder before starting the procedure. Next, the patient should lie down on the examination table;
the doctor will carefully insert a speculum which helps to hold the vagina wall open in order to see
the cervix. Next, the doctor will collect cells from the cervix’s surface by using a small brush.
Additionally, the doctor will send the sample into the lab which will be analysed. The HPV smear test
is an accurate and precise procedure which identifies and distinguishes specific types of cancer cells.
(Bupa.co.uk, 2021)
A HPV smear test can demonstrate what type of HPV is present in the cervix as well as if an individual
has been infected with human papillomavirus. This means that a negative result suggests that the
individual does not have a HPV infection. Thus, regular check up is still recommended to detect any
changes in cervical cells. However, a positive HPV smear test result could indicate that the individual
is infected. Although the majority of the HPV infections will heal without any type of traments, which
means that the presence of HPV doesn’t always symbolise cervical cancer. Moreover, an ongoing
infection could increase the risk of developing cervical cancer. As a result, if the result is positive then
an additional diagnosing method is required which helps to determine the presence of any abnormal
cervical cell. This is because Colposcopy could be used which allows the doctor to accurately view the
cervix. This further suggests that if abnormal cells are present, then a Biopsy will be carried out,
meaning that it helps to determine & evaluate if cancer cells are present. This further indicates that
the result of the HPV smear test will be able to provide crucial information about the patient’s health
and if the patient is diagnosed with cervical cancer. Since the test could help with the identifying and
preventing cervical cancer, which means that best treatment options can be selected. Although the
course of treatment will depend on different factors such as the patient’s age, overall health, stage of
the cancer and location of the cancer. Nevertheless, the primary methods of cervical cancer
treatment continue to be surgery & chemotherapy. This is because regular HPV smear tests are
widely used to detect and identify cervical cancer which means that effective results rely on early
diagnosis and treatment. As a result, it can help with cervical cancer early identification and
treatment, leading to better outcomes and an improved standard of living.(England, 2019)
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