ME306, Introduction to Materials Science Midterm I 2024 100% Solved

What are the Foundational Paradigm of Materials Science? - Structure, Properties, Processes, & Performance What are the four Classes of Materials? - metals, ceramics, polymers, composites What are the types of quantum numbers? - n (principal, distance from nucleus), l (azimuthal, shape of orbital), ml (magnetic, orientation of orbital), ms (spin, orientation of electron spin) What is Afbau's Rule? - Electrons will sequentially fill orbitals in with ascending energy (lowest energies get filled before higher energies). What is Hund's Rule? - Electrons will fill degenerate energy levels singly before any of them are double occupied. What are the Primary Forms of Interatomic Bonding? - Ionic (give/take electrons), covalent (sharing electrons), metallic (sea of electrons) What is a Crystal? - A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose constituents (such as atoms, molecules, or ions) are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions What is a Polymorphism? - Materials can have many different crystal structures when put under different conditions, such as temperature and pressure. Unit cells of Crystalline Solids - The unit cell represents a repeatable building block that, when repeated infinitely, constructs the crystal. What is a crystal structure? - Crystal structure = crystal system + atoms What is a Coordination Number? - Coordination number is defined as the number of atoms within a sphere of radius r away from a given reference atom. What are two point defects that can be found in a crystal lattice? - Atoms can be removed (vacancy) or inserted (interstitial) from/to the host lattice. What are Solutions, Solutes, and Solvents? - solvent = majority , solute = minority, solution = everything What are some types of metal solid solutions? - Pure metal, substitutional alloy, interstitial alloy, substitutional/interstitial alloy What is a Burgers Vector? - Burgers vectors quantify the magnitude and direction of the lattice distortion. What are the Classes of Mechanical Loading? - Tensile, Compressive, Shear, Torsional What are the Different Elastic Moduli? - Young's (tensile and compressive deformation), shear modulus (deformation of shape at constant volume), bulk modulus (volume deformation) What is Elastic Deformation? - region where the material will return to its original shape when the stress is removed What is Poisson's Ratio? - Poisson's ration measures the ratio of lateral and axial strains What is the Time-dependence of Elastic Behavior? - Elastic responses are not instantaneous and occur over some period of time What is Plastic Deformation? - permanent deformation caused by strain when stress exceeds a certain value What is Yield Strength? - Yield strength is defined as the approximate amount of stress a material can handle before plastic deformation occurs (yielding). What is Ductility? - A ductile material can experience lots of strain before mechanical failure