TEST BANK for The Immune System 5th Edition by Peter Parham. (Complete Chapters 1-17) |Updated & Complete A+
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The Immune System
TEST BANK for The Immune System 5th Edition by Peter Parham. (Complete Chapters 1-17) |Updated & Complete A+
CHAPTER 1: ELEMENTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND THEIR ROLES IN DEFENSE
1–1 The last cases of smallpox were reported in the .
c. 1970s
1–2 The first line of defense against microorganism...
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TEST BANK for The Immune System 5th Edition by Peter Parham.
CHAPTER 1: ELEMENTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND THEIR ROLES IN DEFENSE
1–1 The last cases of smallpox were reported in the .
c. 1970s
1–2 The first line of defense against microorganisms that infect the body is referred to as .;
b. innate immunity
1–3 Which of the following pairs is mismatched?;
a. innate immunity: highly specialized defenses
1–4 All of the following are examples of chemical barriers of innate immunity except .;
b. normal microbiota
1–5 When effector lymphocytes secrete , an inflammatory response ensues.
e. cytokines.
1–6 The thin layer of cells that makes up the interior lining of the blood vessels is called the .
c. endothelium.
1–7 Identify the incorrect statement regarding hematopoiesis.
e. Leukocytes, but not erythrocytes, must go through hematopoiesis in order to develop.
1–8 The progenitors of macrophages are .
c. monocytes
1–9 act as cellular messengers by delivering degraded pathogens to lymphoid organs.
b. Dendritic cells
1–10 Another name for a large granular lymphocyte is a .
d. natural killer cell
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1–11 Effector cells that secrete antibodies are known as .
e. plasma cells
1–12 Spherical regions in lymph nodes containing areas that are packed densely with proliferating B cells are
called .
b. germinal centers
1–13 The is (are) the lymphoid organ(s) that filter(s) the blood.
a. spleen
1–14 cells persist long after an individual has been vaccinated.
c. Memory
1–15 During an infection, are mobilized in large numbers from the bone marrow.
d. neutrophils
1–16 In most cases, adaptive immune responses rely on the initial activation of in secondary lymphoid
tissue:
b. T cells
1–17 All of the following statements are characteristic of secondary immune responses except .
a. Secondary immune responses are activated when primary immune responses fail to completely eradicate
an
infection.
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1–18 Identify the four classes of pathogens that provoke immune responses in our bodies and give an example
of each.
The four classes of pathogen are bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites (protozoa and worms).
1–19 A bacterium that causes a common disease in a population that has been previously exposed to it is
called .
d. endemic
1–20
A. Name the parts of the body where epithelia act as barriers to infection.
B. Describe the three main ways in which epithelia carry out this barrier function, giving details of the
mechanisms employed.
A. Skin; mucosal epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract; mucosal epithelium of the respiratory tract; mucosal
epithelium of the urinogenital tract.
B. (i) Mechanical (physical) barriers. Tight junctions between the epithelial cells prevent the penetration of
pathogens between the cells to underlying tissues. In addition, there is a flow of air and fluid over epithelial
surfaces, which oxygenates and flushes the surface, preventing anaerobic bacterial growth and transient
adhesion. On ciliated epithelial surfaces, such as those of the respiratory tract, the formation of a layer of
mucus that is kept in continual movement by the beating cilia inhibits colonization and invasion by
microorganisms. (ii) Chemical barriers. The epithelium produces a variety of chemical substances that interfere
with the adherence of microorganisms to epithelium and with their replication. The skin produces fatty acids
in sebaceous glands, which helps to create an acid environment inhibitory to the growth of many bacteria.
Lysozyme, an enzyme that inhibits cell-wall formation in bacteria, is secreted in tears, saliva, and sweat. The
stomach produces strong hydrochloric acid, creating a highly acidic and formidable environment, which when
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combined with the stomach enzyme pepsin (an acid protease) poses one of the most inhospitable
environments for microbial growth in our bodies. Defensins are antimicrobial peptides secreted by all the
protective epithelia. (iii) Microbiological barriers. A microbiota of non-pathogenic commensal microorganisms
colonizes many epithelial surfaces and provides an additional barrier to infection. They compete with
pathogenic microbes for space and nutrients, and sometimes produce antibacterial proteins that further
inhibit attachment to epithelium. For example, Escherichia coli in the large intestine produce colicins, which
prevent colonization by other bacteria.
1–21 An example of an antimicrobial peptide that protects epithelial surfaces from pathogens is .
b. defensin
1–22 How can antibiotics upset the barrier function of intestinal epithelia? Give a specific example.
Antibiotics attack the microbiological barriers of intestinal epithelia. The normal microbiota sensitive to the
antibiotics are killed off and the intestine can then be recolonized and overgrown by microorganisms that in
normal circumstances are present in very small numbers and thus do not cause a problem. An example is a
condition called pseudomembranous colitis caused by the overgrowth of Clostridium difficile. A membrane-like
substance is produced in the large intestine, causing an obstruction that can block intestinal flow and usually
requires surgical removal.
1–23 Describe the characteristics commonly associated with inflammation and what causes them.
The hallmarks of inflammation are heat, redness, pain, and swelling (edema). These are caused by a
combination of vasodilation (causing redness and heat), increased vascular permeability and the consequent
infiltration of fluid and leukocytes from the blood into the infected site (causing swelling, and also pain as a
result of the increased pressure on local nerve endings).
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