Anatomy & Physiology: Chapter 1-3 Full Scouring Guide 2023/2024

Anatomy & Physiology: Chapter 1-3 Full Scouring Guide Human Anatomy - the study of the structure or form of the human body cell metabolism - cell metabolism Matter - Anything that has mass and takes up space Human Physiology - study of the body's functions plasma membrane - The selectively permeable barrier surrounding a cell that is composed of a bilayer of phospholipids and other components such as proteins and cholesterol. Chemistry - The study of the properties of matter and its interactions Biology - The study of life extracellular fluid (ECF) - The fluid located in the spaces between cells. atom - the smallest unit of matter that still retains its original properties subatomic particles - components of atoms cytoplasm - The part of a cell located inside the plasma membrane that consists of the cytosol and the organelles. Cell - The smallest unit that can carry out the functions of life Metabolism - The sum of the body's chemical reactions cytosol (intracellular fluid) - The fluid located inside a cell that contains water and a variety of solutes protons - positively charged subatomic particles which reside in the atomic neucleus anabolism - "building" processes in which smaller chemicals are combined to form larger ones, such as building muscle organelles - Structures inside the cell that carry out specific, compartmentalized functions. neutrons - subatomic particles with no charge which reside in the atomic neucleus electrons - negatively charged subatomic particles which surround the atomic nucleus catabolism - "breaking down" processes in which larger chemicals are broken down into smaller ones, as in digestion cytoskeleton - A network of protein filaments within a cell that supports the cell, maintains its shape, holds its organelles in place, and functions in cellular motion Homeostasis - The maintenance of the body's stable internal environment nucleus - The biosynthetic center of the cell that contains the cell's DNA and much of its RNA. electron shells (energy levels) - electrons occupy orbits or generally fixed regions of space around the nucleus Excretion - The process by which waste products are removed from the body phospholipid bilayer - A double layer of phospholipids in which the fatty acid tails face one another and the phosphate heads face the surrounding aqueous environment; forms the plasma membrane and the membranes around organelles. periodic table of the elements - A way of organizing the elements shows that certain properties repeat in a regular way, or periodically Major elements - oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen; make up 96% of the body's mass fluid mosaic model - The model that describes the plasma membrane as a dynamic structure consisting of a phospholipid bilayer with multiple components interspersed throughout Growth - When more anabolism takes place than catabolism, an increase in the size of individual cells and/or an increase in the number of cells Responsiveness or irritability - The property of living organisms by which they sense and react to changes in their environment membrane proteins - Embedded proteins that perform specific functions for the cell membrane. Mineral elements - Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Chloride, Magnesium; Make up less than 4% of the body's mass Motility - The movement of a cell or tissue Integral proteins - A protein within a membrane that spans the width of the membrane trace elements - include iron, copper, iodine, zinc; found in extremely small amounts in the bodya mass number - the number of neutrons plus the number of protons in the atom Peripheral proteins - A protein associated with either the intracellular or extracellular face of the plasma membrane Reproduction - The production of new cells within an organism or the production of offspring produces new cells - Growth wound repair protein channels - proteins in the membrane whose role it is to pass molecules that cannot go through the membrane isotopes - Atoms with the same atomic numbers but different mass numbers chemical level of organization - Smallest level of structural organization, Foundation for living things, tiny atoms to molecules (two and thousands of atoms) carrier proteins - integral proteins which bind and directly transport substances into and out of the cell radioisotopes - Isotopes that have unstable nuclei and undergo radioactive decay. cellular level of organization - Contain organelles with specific functions cell function related to cell structure cells respond to local environment cells of body coordinated and controlled to work together receptor - a membrane protein that binds to a chemical messenger called a ligand mixture - When atoms of two or more elements are physically intermixed Tissue level of organization - Perform specific functions