Summary Ch. 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology fully composed

Ch. 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy - Study of Structure Physiology - Study of Function The common functions of all living things include - 1-Reponsiveness 2-Growth 3-Reproductive 4-Movement 5-Metabolism Gross Anatomy or Macroscopic - Visible to Unaided eyes Surface Anatomy - Study of general form and superficial markings Regional Anatomy - Study of all superficial and internal features in a specific region of the body Systemic Anatomy - The structure of major organ systems (group of organs that function together in a coordinated manner) Microscopic Anatomy - Concerns structures that cannot be seen without magnification Cytology - Study of Cells Histology - Study of Tissues Human Physiology - Study of the functions of Human body Cell Physiology - Study of the functions of living cells Special Physiology - Study of the specific organs Systemic Physiology - Study of the Specific Organ System Pathological Physiology or Pathology - Study of Disease 6 Levels of Oragnization - 1-Chemical (or molecular) Atoms 2-Cellular 3-Tissues 4-Organs 5-Organs System 6-Organism Homeostasis - The existence of a stable internal environment. If homeostasis fail, organ systems begin to malfunction, producing a state known as illness, or disease. Homeostatic Regulator - 1-Receptor-sensitive to change 2-Control Center-received and processes 3-Effector-respond to the command of control center and apposes or reinforces the stimulus Negative Feedback - Triggers an automatic response that corrects the situation. Positive Feedback - Reinforces that responses Anatomical Position - Hands at the sides with the palms facing forward, and feet together Supine Position - Lying down facing up Prone Position - Lying down facing down 4 Abdominopelvic Quadrants - 1-Right Upper Quadrant 2-Left Upper Quadrant 3-Right Lower Quadrant 4-Left Lower Quadrant 9 Abdominopelvic Regions - 1-Umbilical--center 2-Epigastric--upper center 3-Hypogastric--lower center 4-5 Right and Left Hypochondriac--upper 6-7 Right and Left Lumbar--center 8-9 Right and Left Inguinal--lower Anatomical Directions - Superior-Above Inferior-Below Posterior or Dorsal-Back Anterior or Ventral-Front Cranial-Head Caudal-Butt Superfical-Body Surface Deep-Farther from the body surface Proximal-Toward an attached base Distal-Away from na attached base Medial-Toward the body longitudinal axis Lateral-Away the body longitudinal axis 3 Sectional Planes - 1-Transverse Plane-Head to Foot axis of the body dividing the body into SUPERIOR (top) AND INFERIOR (bottom) portions. (cross section) 2-Frontal Plane or Coronal Plane-Side to Side axis of the body dividing the body into ANTERIOR (back) AND POSTERIOR (front) portions. 3-Sagittal Plane-Front to Back axis of the body dividing the body into LEFT AND RIGHT portions. MIDSAGITTAL SECTION- divided body in even portions left and right (Note that a midsagittal section does not cut through the legs) Body Cavities - 1-Protect Organs 2-allow to change in size and shape of an organs (expand or compress) Ventral Body Cavity or Coelom - It contains organs of the Respiratory, Cardiovascular, Digestive, Urinary and Reproductive Systems. Diaphragm - A flat muscular sheet divides the ventral body cavity into a superior THORACIC CAVITY bounded by the chest wall, and an inferior ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY Viscera - The internal ORGANS within the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities Serous Membrane - 2 delicate layers line and wall fill with fluids Visceral Layer-on the organ Parietal Layer-around the organ The Thoracic Cavity - Pericardial Cavity-Heart Pleural Cavity-Lungs Pericacardial Cavity - Visceral Pericardium-Layer cover the surface of the heart Parietal Pericardium-The lining layer of the heart Pleural Cavity - Visceral Pleura-Layer cover the the surface of the lung Parietal Pleura-The lining layer of the lung The Abdominopelvic Cavity - Contains the Peritonel Cavity, chamber lined by a serous membrane known as Peritoneum. Visceral Peritoneum-Layer cover the surface of the abdominopelvic Parietal Peritoneum-The lining layer of the abdominopelvic Mediastium - Separate two Lungs Mid Coronal - Divide Anterior and Posterior (Hip Bone) The Organ Systems of the Human Body - 1. The Integumentary System= Cutaneous Membrane; Hair Follicles; Sweat Glands; Nails; Sensory Receptors; Subcutaneous Layer 2. The Skeletal System= Bones; Cartilages; Joints; Bone Marrow 3. The Muscular System= Skeletal Muscles; Tendons 4. The Nervous System= Central Nervous System; Brain; Spinal Cord; Peripheral Nervous System 5. The Endocrine System= Pineal Gland; Pituitary Gland; Thyroid Gland; Parathyroid Glands; Thymus; Adrenal Glands; Kidneys; Pancreas; Gonals 6. The Cardiovascular System= Heart; Blood Vessels; Blood 7. The Lymphoid System= Lymphatic Vessels; Lymph Nodes; Spleen; Thymus