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Summary Cyber Security Notes for IGCSE Students

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Notes provide quick review on Cyber Security concept

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  • March 4, 2024
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  • 2023/2024
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Notes: Cyber Security Threats

1. Malware:

 Causes:
 Malware is often spread through infected email attachments, malicious websites, or
compromised software.
 Poorly secured networks and outdated software can also contribute to malware
infections.
 Impact:
 Malware can compromise data integrity, steal sensitive information, or even render
systems inoperable.
 It can lead to financial loss, reputational damage, and legal consequences for
individuals and organizations.
 Remedies:
 Install reputable antivirus software and keep it updated.
 Regularly update operating systems and software to patch vulnerabilities.
 Educate users about safe browsing habits and the dangers of downloading from
unknown sources.

2. Phishing Attacks:

 Causes:
 Phishing attacks typically involve deceptive emails or messages that appear to be
from legitimate sources, tricking users into revealing sensitive information.
 Lack of awareness and training among users can make them susceptible to falling for
phishing scams.
 Impact:
 Phishing attacks can result in identity theft, financial fraud, and unauthorized access
to accounts or systems.
 They can damage trust between users and legitimate organizations, leading to
reputational harm.
 Remedies:
 Implement email filtering and authentication mechanisms to detect and block
phishing attempts.
 Educate users about recognizing phishing emails, advising them to verify the
authenticity of requests before sharing sensitive information.
 Use multi-factor authentication to add an extra layer of security to accounts.


3. DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) Attacks:

 Causes:
 DDoS attacks overwhelm a system, network, or website with a flood of traffic,
rendering it inaccessible to legitimate users.
 Botnets, comprised of compromised devices, are often used to orchestrate DDoS
attacks.
 Impact:

,  DDoS attacks can disrupt services, leading to downtime and financial losses for
businesses.
 They can tarnish the reputation of organizations and undermine customer trust in
their ability to provide reliable services.
 Remedies:
 Deploy DDoS mitigation tools and services to detect and mitigate attacks in real-
time.
 Configure network infrastructure to handle traffic spikes more effectively, such as
using load balancers and content delivery networks.
 Collaborate with ISPs (Internet Service Providers) to filter out malicious traffic before
it reaches the target network.

4. Insider Threats:

 Causes:
 Insider threats involve malicious actions or negligence by individuals within an
organization, such as employees or contractors.
 Disgruntled employees, careless handling of sensitive information, and inadequate
access controls can contribute to insider threats.
 Impact:
 Insider threats can result in data breaches, intellectual property theft, or sabotage of
systems and operations.
 They can cause significant financial and reputational damage to organizations, as
well as legal ramifications.
 Remedies:
 Implement strict access controls and monitoring mechanisms to limit employees'
access to sensitive data and systems.
 Conduct regular security training and awareness programs to educate employees
about their responsibilities and the risks of insider threats.
 Establish clear policies and procedures for handling sensitive information and
reporting suspicious activities.

5. Ransomware Attacks:

 Causes:
 Ransomware is a type of malware that encrypts files or locks users out of their
systems, demanding payment (ransom) for decryption or restoration.
 Ransomware attacks often exploit vulnerabilities in software or rely on social
engineering tactics to trick users into executing malicious code.
 Impact:
 Ransomware attacks can result in data loss, financial extortion, and disruption of
business operations.
 They can have severe consequences for individuals and organizations, including
financial losses, regulatory penalties, and damage to reputation.
 Remedies:
 Maintain up-to-date backups of critical data to facilitate recovery in case of a
ransomware attack.

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